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Baking powder(Suitable for puffed flour products)

Baking powder is a compound additive mainly used in the production of flour products and puffed foods. Baking powder contains a variety of substances, the main components of which are sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid. Usually a compound of carbonate and solid acid. When carbonates come into contact with water and acids, they break down into a variety of substances. During this process, a high is released, but no flavor is produced. Therefore, the taste of the product is inconvenient.     Fermentation   There are generally three fermentation methods for making fermented dough: old yeast, fresh yeast, and baking powder. Fresh yeast and baking powder are commonly used in households. Pay careful attention to the aluminum content in baking powder. Aluminum content in food exceeding national standards can cause harm to the human body.   Yeast and baking powder both have the function of fermentation, but they are essentially different.   Yeast is a pure biological leavening agent, an active microorganism, which will not cause any harm to the human body; while chemical baking powder is a chemical leavening agent, generally referring to baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), stink powder (ammonium bicarbonate), alum ( Potassium aluminum sulfate or potassium aluminum sulfate, SAS), baking powder (baking powder) and other substances.   Classification   chemical leavening agent   baking powder   1. Baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ,): Under the action of acidic substances contained in food , baking soda can be decomposed into sodium ions , water and carbon dioxide gas, the latter of which can fluff food. However, the reaction of baking soda to release gas requires the presence of acidic substances and is completed in a very short time. The initiation of the reaction is difficult to control. If the dosage is too large, it will produce a bitter or astringent taste . For these reasons, baking soda is rarely used as a leavening agent alone, and is generally used as one of the components of a compound leavening agent.   2. Stinky powder ( ammonium bicarbonate ): Stinky powder is generally used when a large amount of gas needs to be generated quickly. Stinky powder will decompose into water, ammonia and carbon dioxide gas when heated or under acidic conditions . Due to the rapid release, very little ammonia gas remains in the finished product, and there will be no ammonia smell in the finished product. Since stink powder easily decomposes and releases ammonia gas (this is where the name of stink powder comes from) and loses its effect, it is difficult to store and is generally rarely used in households. Stinky powder is used when baking peach cakes or certain biscuits.   3. Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate or potassium aluminum sulfate, SAS): Commonly used alum is actually an acidic mixture, which releases gas when it interacts with food’s inherent or added ingredients such as baking soda, which has a fluffy effect. It is generally also an acid component used as a compound fluffing agent. The characteristic is that it can react quickly at high temperatures . A common example is for frying fried dough sticks   baking powde   1. Baking powder: It is a compound leavening agent, and there are many different types. Generally, solid alkali and acid powders are mixed . They do not contact or react under dry conditions. Once they come into contact with water, they will dissolve and contact, and the reaction will release gas. Solid alkali powder is commonly used in baking soda, and solid acid powder includes tartar ( tartar) and phosphate (phosphate, such as calcium phosphate and sodium pyrophosphate ). Their reaction speeds are very fast; in addition, alum (SAS) is used. ) as a solid acid, the reaction rate is much slower, but very fast at high temperatures. Alum is commonly found in Double-acting (DA) baking powders. Double effect means that after mixing water and flour, baking soda first reacts with a fast solid acid (such as cream of tartar) to release the first batch of gas. At this time, alum and baking soda basically do not react, but when heated, alum When heated with baking soda, a second batch of gas is released, which is called double-acting. Commonly seen on the market is double active baking powder. Some self-raising flours also have baking powder already mixed into them and need to be baked quickly after adding water. Because baking powder is easy to store and easy to control, it has become the most commonly used leavening agent and is used in most Western-style pastries.   2. Dangers of chemical leavening agents :   Since the reaction products of baking soda and stink powder ( carbon dioxide , ammonia) are also products of human metabolism, as long as they are not used excessively, they will not cause obvious health problems , but they will destroy certain nutrients in food such as vitamins. And both alum and baking powder contain aluminum. Many international reports have pointed out that aluminum is closely related to Alzheimer’s disease . It also reduces memory, suppresses immune function , and hinders nerve conduction . Moreover, aluminum is excreted very slowly from the human body. The amount of alum and baking powder in food should be strictly controlled. Use and try to eat less aluminum-containing foods.   biological leavening agent   Yeast is a unicellular facultative anaerobic eukaryotic microorganism. After being added to the dough, it can produce carbon dioxide gas through its own metabolism to achieve the purpose of fluffiness. This process is often called fermentation. In the past, old noodles were often fermented, mainly relying on wild yeast and some miscellaneous bacteria. Dough usually contains organic acids, which give it a sour taste. Baking soda needs to be added to neutralize the sour taste. Bacterial metabolites and added baking soda may introduce harmful ingredients or destroy nutrients.   The active yeast commonly used in modern times has high purity and rarely produces acidic substances. At the same time, yeast itself is composed of protein and carbohydrates, and is rich in B vitamins and other trace elements such as calcium and iron, and is rich in nutrients. value. Yeast acts as a leavening agent for pasta and requires sufficient time and temperature to produce carbon dioxide.   Obviously, yeast is a beneficial biological leavening agent that has no negative impact on the human body and can provide nutrients and vitamins that humans need but lack. is the most ideal fermentation method. It is essentially different from chemical baking powder. Simply put, yeast is not chemical baking powder!

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Protein Powder

Protein powder, using purified soy protein .   In healthy people, protein deficiency does not occur. Excessive protein intake is not only a waste, but also harmful to human health.     Introduction   Protein is the most important nutrient to ensure the health of the body . It is necessary to maintain and repair the body and cell growth . It not only affects the growth of body tissues such as muscles, but also participates in the production of hormones, the maintenance of immune function, and the use of other nutrients and oxygen. Transport, hemoglobin production, blood coagulation and many other aspects. General mental workers require 0.8-1.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight every day, while high-intensity athletes and bodybuilders require 2-3 times that amount. This is because high-intensity exercise will damage muscle cells to varying degrees. , causing the decomposition of muscle protein. Timely supplementation of protein can reduce the destruction of muscle tissue, promote protein synthesis, and even over-recovery, thereby growing muscles and improving strength. The traditional way of supplementing protein by eating meat often leads to the intake of too much fat, causing an increase in body fat and even affecting cardiovascular health.   Children in the growth and development period need a large amount of protein to meet the needs of physical development, and pregnant women need a large amount of protein to produce red blood cells and develop the fetus. However, the traditional supplement method of eating big fish and meat often makes many women still lose weight after giving birth. It cannot be reduced because while they are supplementing protein, they are also supplementing a lot of fat. Patients after surgery and recovering from serious illness also need a large amount of protein to promote recovery and improve immunity.   use   Protein powder is a nutritional food supplement targeted at specific groups of people. As an amino acid supplement, protein powder can provide essential nutrients due to protein deficiency for young children, the elderly, sports people, pre- and post-operative patients and people losing weight.   In addition, people with poor appetite or poor digestion, as well as people who are on a diet to lose weight, and vegetarians may not have enough protein intake. This will not only cause developmental delays in children and affect the body’s water metabolism, but may also lead to low immune function and poor sleep. and anemia and other diseases. In these cases, a high-quality protein powder makes a good supplement.   nutritional value   Participate in the composition of the body and the metabolism of the body   Protein is an important type of nutrient. Its existence is closely related to various activities of life. For example, it participates in the composition and metabolism of the body, participates in the composition and metabolism of genetic information, and also provides heat for the body.   The extent to which they can be digested, absorbed and utilized by the human body is also different.   There are extremely many types of proteins. Proteins from different food sources can be digested, absorbed and utilized by the human body to different extents. In other words, different types of proteins have different nutritional values. The main factor that determines the nutritional value of proteins is protein. Types and contents of essential amino acids . The amino acid score (AAS) is a commonly used indicator to evaluate the types and contents of essential amino acids in proteins .   Healthy people do not need to consume protein powder   The “Reference Intake of Dietary Nutrients for Chinese Residents” recommends that the daily protein intake per adult is 65 to 90 grams, or 10% to 12% of total energy to meet metabolic needs. In addition, protein intake varies depending on a person’s age, weight and labor intensity. Children and adolescents during the growth and development period, as well as pregnant or lactating women, generally have higher protein requirements.   The main function   1. Supplementary nutritional sources   Protein is the main source of nitrogen in the human body . It can not only provide part of the energy consumed, but can also be used to synthesize new tissues. Protein in the adult body accounts for about 17% of body weight, and 3% of protein participates in metabolic renewal every day. Infants , young children, teenagers, pregnant women, and lactating women must not only maintain tissue protein renewal, but also synthesize new tissues. When there is insufficient protein in the body, people’s basic life activities will be affected, which can lead to growth retardation, underweight, and mental retardation in children and adolescents; in adults, fatigue, weight loss, anemia , reduced plasma albumin , and even edema; And can cause menstrual disorders in women. Consuming protein powder can effectively prevent or improve these symptoms.   2. Prevent disease   Heart disease is the number one cause of death in Western developed countries. High plasma cholesterol levels are a major cause of heart disease. Animal fat in the diet can increase plasma cholesterol levels and is an important factor in arteriosclerosis and heart disease. Excess saturated fatty acids , cholesterol , and blood cholesterol are directly related to heart disease. Reducing plasma cholesterol also reduces the risk of heart disease. In 1982, scientists from many countries conducted comparative experiments in Italy and Switzerland on patients with high cholesterol using soy protein to replace animal protein. The results showed that consuming 50 grams of soy protein per day reduced their total plasma cholesterol by 20%. This study proved that soy protein It can reduce the adverse effects of blood lipids and cholesterol on the heart in patients with high cholesterol. In the United States, doctors recommend that heart patients eat soy protein before taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Because soy protein is neither a drug (no toxic side effects) and cheap, it can effectively prevent heart disease without any side effects.   3. Reduce the burden on the kidneys   Kidney disease is a common long-term complication of diabetes , with more than 20% of diabetic patients suffering from impaired kidney function . Ingesting animal protein will increase the burden on the kidneys, leading to aggravation of the condition. Soy protein can prevent and reduce the damage of animal protein to the kidneys by lowering plasma cholesterol levels. Through observation of the dietary treatment of patients with kidney disease, it is found that replacing animal protein with soy protein has the best effect, and patients with kidney disease are also willing to accept foods containing soy protein.   For people   For special people in need, in addition to supplementing essential amino acids through food, protein powder can be appropriately selected as a protein supplement, but the amount of protein powder must be paid attention to. After protein is digested and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, it needs to be processed by the liver and converted into the body’s own substances for use by the body.   At the same time, nitrogen-containing substances such as ammonia, urea , and creatinine , the products of protein metabolism in the body, need to be excreted by the kidneys. If a person eats too much protein, it will increase the burden on the liver and kidneys and have adverse effects on the human body. Therefore, more protein is not always better .   Use with caution   1. Patients with liver disease should use with caution   Due to obstacles in the liver’s processing and utilization of protein, protein intake should be appropriately increased. However, for patients with hepatic coma and advanced cirrhosis, supplying too much protein will increase the burden on the liver and aggravate the condition, so animal protein should be limited . And because its metabolism in the body will produce more ammonia, which can induce or aggravate hepatic coma, so these patients can choose some plant proteins rich in branched chain amino acids , especially soy protein . Because branched-chain amino acids are mainly metabolized in muscles, they have a protective effect on liver function.   2. Children under three years old should not eat it   Newborns should not consume protein powder. The best nutrition for babies is breast milk. If the child cannot eat breast milk due to various reasons, he should choose formula milk powder corresponding to the month or age instead of protein powder, because the protein composition of the latter is not suitable for young children and is not conducive to the child’s digestion and absorption. It is likely to cause vomiting, diarrhea or allergies in the future.   3. Gout patients should choose carefully   Consume protein powder with soy protein as the main ingredient. Because the purine in soybeans can cause an increase in uric acid in the body, causing or exacerbating gout. However, some brands of soy protein powder have undergone special processing to reduce the purine content. 4. Special patients should seek medical advice before consumption. The protein contained in protein powder is of high quality. It is decomposed by the liver in the body and then synthesized into the body’s own tissue components. Its metabolites are excreted in the urine through the kidneys. Patients with existing liver, kidney disease and other serious diseases may increase the burden on their organs after taking protein powder. Therefore, before taking protein powder, you should seek the advice of your doctor before deciding whether to consume it. If you want to increase your protein powder consumption, you should also listen to your doctor’s advice.

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C-Reactive Protein

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein (acute protein) that rises sharply in the plasma when the body is infected or tissue damaged. It activates complement and strengthens the phagocytosis of phagocytes to play a regulatory role in clearing the invading body. Pathogenic microorganisms and damaged, necrotic, and apoptotic tissue cells.     definition   C-reactive protein (CRP) refers to some proteins (acute proteins) that rise sharply in the plasma when the body is infected or tissue damaged. CRP can activate complement and strengthen phagocytosis by phagocytes to play a regulatory role, thereby eliminating pathogenic microorganisms that invade the body and damaged, necrotic, and apoptotic tissue cells , and plays an important protective role in the body’s natural immune process.   characteristic   CRP is not only a non-specific inflammatory marker, but also directly involved incardiovascular diseases such as inflammation and atherosclerosis , and is the most powerful predictor and risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The interaction between CRP and complement C1q and FcTR enables it to exhibit many biological activities, including host defense response to infection, phagocytosis and regulation of inflammatory response, etc. The combination with damaged cells, apoptotic cells and nuclear antigens also plays an important role in autoimmune diseases.   normal value   Which detection method is used depends on the conditions of each laboratory and the requirements for sensitivity and specificity. Immunodiffusion, radioimmunoassay, turbidimetry, and enzyme-labeled immunoassay methods all have practical value.   Normal value: 800-8000μg/L (immunodiffusion or turbidity method) .   Nursing precautions   1. Do not eat greasy or high-protein foods the day before blood drawing , and avoid drinking a lot of alcohol. The ethanol content in the blood will directly affect the test results.   2. After 20:00 on the day before blood collection, you should fast for 12 hours to avoid affecting the test results.   3. When collecting urine specimens for examination, clean the vulva before collecting urine. The container used should be clean and free of contamination. Chemical substances such as detergents, disinfectants, and preservatives should not be mixed to avoid affecting the examination results.   4. Women should prevent leucorrhea from being mixed into urine. Pay attention to expelling part of the urine first, and then collect the specimen, that is, collect the mid-section urine.   5. Urine should be sent for testing immediately after retention to avoid erroneous test results caused by urine retention.   Related diseases   Malignant myxoma of the left atrium , mucocutaneous lymphaden syndrome, Takayasu arteritis, microscopic polyangiitis , nonspecific systemic necrotizing small vessel vasculitis , pediatric Historian-Johanne syndrome , pediatric Takayasu arteritis  , adult still’s disease, rheumatic fever, pediatric pneumonia   clinical significance   Clinical significance of CRP measurement:   (1) The levels of acute inflammation, tissue damage, myocardial infarction , surgical trauma, radiation damage and other diseases increase rapidly within hours after the onset, and tend to increase exponentially. When the disease improves, it quickly drops to normal, and its increase is positively correlated with the degree of infection. The patient’s CRP increases after surgery, and the CRP level should decrease 7 to 10 days after surgery. If CRP does not decrease or increases again, it indicates possible complications such as infection or thromboembolism.   (2) CRP is closely related to other inflammatory factors, such as the total number of white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. There is a positive correlation with WBC. Plays an active role in the inflammatory response and gives the body non-specific resistance. When a patient’s disease attacks, it can rise earlier than WBC and return to normal quickly, so it has extremely high sensitivity.   (3) Help identify types of respiratory infections. CRP can be used for the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections: During bacterial infection, CRP levels increase; while during viral infections, CRP does not increase or is slightly increased. Therefore, the CRP value can help doctors identify the type of respiratory tract infection and be targeted. of medication and treatment.   (4) CRP is elevated in patients with malignant tumors . For example, the joint detection of CRP and AFP can be used for the differential diagnosis of liver cancer and benign liver diseases, and can be used to judge the efficacy and prognosis of liver cancer. CRP increases before surgery and decreases after surgery, and its response is not affected by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and corticosteroid treatment, which is helpful to evaluate the progression of the tumor.   (5) Assess the severity of acute pancreatitis . When CRP is higher than 250 mg/L, it indicates extensive necrotizing pancreatitis.   (6) Using the ultra-sensitive latex enhanced method to measure CRP can improve the sensitivity of the measurement and can be used to predict the risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction .

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titanium sponge

Titanium sponge is the raw material for titanium processing materials. Generally, they are light gray particles with a clean surface and no visible inclusions. They also include defective titanium sponge blocks, such as over-burned titanium sponge blocks, oxidized titanium sponge blocks with obvious dark yellow and bright yellow, and Dark yellow and bright yellow traces of oxidized and nitrogen-rich titanium sponge blocks, titanium sponge blocks with obvious chloride residues, titanium sponge blocks with residues, etc.   Sponge metal titanium produced by metal thermal reduction method . Purity % (mass) is generally 99.1 ~ 99.7. The total impurity element % (mass) is 0.3 to 0.9, the impurity element oxygen % (mass) is 0.06 to 0.20, and the hardness (HB) is 100 to 157. It is divided into five grades from WHTiO to MHTi4 according to the purity. It is the main raw material for making industrial titanium alloys . Titanium sponge production is the basic link in the titanium industry. It is the raw material for titanium materials, titanium powder and other titanium components. Turn the ilmenite into titanium tetrachloride , put it into a sealed stainless steel tank , fill it with argon gas , and react it with the metal magnesium to get “sponge titanium”. This kind of porous “titanium sponge” cannot be used directly. They must be melted into liquid in an electric furnace before they can be cast into titanium ingots.   basic knowledge   Sponge metal titanium produced by metal thermal reduction method. Purity % (mass) is generally 99.1 ~ 99.7. The total impurity element % (mass) is 0.3 to 0.9, the impurity element oxygen % (mass) is 0.06 to 0.20, and the hardness (HB) is 100 to 157. It is divided into five grades from WHTiO to MHTi4 according to the purity. It is the main raw material for making industrial titanium alloys. Titanium sponge production is the basic link in the titanium industry. It is the raw material for titanium materials, titanium powder and other titanium components. Turn the ilmenite into titanium tetrachloride, put it into a sealed stainless steel tank, fill it with argon gas, and react it with the metal magnesium to get “sponge titanium”. This kind of porous “titanium sponge” cannot be used directly. They must be melted into liquid in an electric furnace before they can be cast into titanium ingots.   discover history   At the end of the 18th century, the British clergyman and amateur mineralogist William Gregor and the German chemist M.H. Klaproth came from the same place in 1791 and 1795 respectively. A new element was discovered in a black magnetite sand (later learned to be titanium magnetite ) and a non-magnetic oxide mineral (later learned to be natural rutile ore), which they called “Monaquin” respectively. ” (the name of the place where titanium magnetite was found) and “titanium clay”. A few years later, it was proven that the so-called “menacun” and “titanium” found in these two minerals were actually oxides of the same element, and this new species was named after the Titans (Titans), the Hercules in Greek mythology. The element is “Titanium”.   It took 120 years from the discovery of titanium to the first preparation of relatively pure titanium metal . It took nearly 40 years from the first time pure titanium was obtained in the laboratory to the first industrial production. Many researchers made a lot of explorations and suffered failures again and again. Finally, in 1948, DuPont succeeded and produced tonnage-level sponge titanium and porous titanium.   Process and equipment   Large-scale titanium metallurgical enterprises are all magnesium-titanium joint enterprises, and most manufacturers adopt the reduction-distillation integrated process. This process is called a combined method or a semi-combined method, which realizes a closed-circuit cycle of the raw material Mg-Cl2-MgCl2 .   The reduction-distillation integrated equipment is divided into two types: inverted “U” type and “I” type. The inverted “U” type equipment is formed by connecting the reduction tank ( distillation tank ) and the condensation tank with a pipe with a valve. It is equipped with a special heating device and the entire system equipment is assembled at one time before reduction. If the system equipment of the “I” type integrated process is assembled at one time before reduction, it is called combined method equipment; and the reduction equipment is assembled first, and after the reduction is completed, the condensation tank is assembled while it is hot for distillation operation. The equipment is called a series combination equipment and is connected by a “transition section” with a magnesium plug in the middle.   Industry status   During the past 10 years of rapid development, China’s titanium industry has seriously lost control. Many places have developed titanium projects amidst the “vigorous” rush of local protectionism , resulting in a serious oversupply in the titanium market. Although the use of titanium and titanium materials has increased year after year, But it cannot change the current situation that actual production capacity is far greater than demand. For example, in 2012, although the total amount of titanium materials was more than 60,000 tons, which was a significant increase compared with the previous year, the export of titanium ingots increased significantly. The total inventory of titanium ingots of many titanium material processing companies such as Baosteel and Bao Titanium was more than 5,000 tons. In addition, the country It also purchased and stored 4,000 tons of titanium ingots. It can be seen that the domestic titanium production has increased significantly, but the demand has not increased simultaneously. On the contrary, it can be seen that the development of the foreign titanium industry is relatively rational, unlike domestic development that is “progressing” out of control.   In 2012, the economy began to recover, but China’s titanium industry market is still sluggish. However, we must not blame it for the financial crisis and the European debt crisis . Instead, we must find reasons for our own out-of-control development. Otherwise, various economic crises will It’s over, but the development crisis of China’s titanium industry, which is desperately trying to launch projects, still exists. Looking at the development route of my country’s titanium industry over the past 10 years, we can see such a cycle accompanied by labor pains: the first expansion of production → the first reshuffle → the second expansion of production → the second reshuffle… my country’s titanium industry From the development of the 1960s to 2004, both titanium and titanium material processing capacity were very small. For example, at the end of 2000, my country’s titanium sponge production was 2,000 tons. However, as the demand for titanium gradually increased at the end of 2004, by 2005, sponge The price of titanium has risen from 50,000 to 60,000 yuan per ton to 200,000 to 300,000 yuan per ton, and huge profits have begun to appear. The titanium field has quietly experienced its first large-scale expansion. In just a few years, production capacity has increased. It quickly doubled more than 60 times. After expansion, adjustment, pain, and reshuffle, the actual production of titanium sponge in my country in 2012 increased by more than 40 times compared with 2000. 

High titanium slag

High Titanium Slag is commonly known as the titanium ore enrichment formed through the physical production process. The titanium ore is heated and melted by an electric furnace to melt and separate the titanium dioxide and iron in the titanium ore, which is a high-content titanium dioxide enrichment. High titanium slag is neither a waste residue nor a by-product, but a high-quality raw material for the production of titanium tetrachloride , titanium dioxide and titanium sponge products. Titanium slag is smelted from Ilmenite.   status color   The general state is powdery and black. The particle size is 40-200 mesh (Mesh). Supplied in powder form, the total amount of particle size between 0.425mm and 0.075mm is not less than 75%.   Application areas   1. High titanium slag with a TiO 2 content greater than 90% can be used as a raw material for the production of titanium dioxide by chlorination method 2. High-titanium slag with less than 90% TiO 2 is a high-quality raw material for the production of titanium dioxide by sulfuric acid method. Prospect analysis As the global consumption of titanium dioxide and titanium sponge continues to grow, the demand for high titanium slag has been on a straight upward trend. In recent years, the annual global high-titanium slag transaction volume has exceeded US$1 billion. High titanium slag is commonly known as a titanium ore enrichment formed through a physical production process. The titanium ore is heated and melted by an electric furnace to melt and separate the titanium dioxide and iron in the titanium ore, which is a high-content titanium dioxide enrichment. High titanium slag is neither a waste residue nor a by-product, but a high-quality raw material for the production of titanium tetrachloride, titanium dioxide and titanium sponge products. In recent years, my country’s titanium dioxide and titanium sponge industries have developed rapidly. Due to the high titanium content of high-titanium slag, the production (processing) of “three wastes” is small, the utilization rate of resources and energy is high, and it can help improve product quality. my country’s high-titanium slag The demand is growing rapidly. Although the domestic production of high titanium slag is constantly expanding, it still cannot meet the strong domestic demand. my country also needs to import a large amount of high titanium slag every year to supplement the gap. my country’s high-titanium slag industry still shows a situation of insufficient supply. In the next few years, my country’s high-titanium slag will still need to be imported in large quantities. my country’s titanium slag production technology level is at the bottom in the world. The overall scale of high-titanium slag production enterprises is small and their competitiveness is not strong. In 2005, there were only about a dozen companies producing and processing high-titanium slag in China. By 2006, the number of domestic companies had increased, but the overall quality was not strong. Except for Panzhihua Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. , a large company, the rest of the companies produced The output of high titanium slag is less than 10,000 tons. In 2007, the number of companies producing high titanium slag in my country increased rapidly, growing to more than 60 companies, and the strength of the companies is growing. At the end of 2008, the Tariff Commission of the State Council issued the “2009 Tariff Implementation Plan”. According to the plan, the import of high-titanium slag (titanium dioxide mass fraction greater than 70%) (tariff number 38249099) in 2009 will continue to be reduced from the original most-favored-nation rate of 6.5% to 0 , sulfuric acid (Tariff No. 28070000) was reduced from the original MFN tax rate of 5.5% to 0. At the same time, the tentative tariff for the export of titanium ore and its concentrate (Tariff No. 26140000) in 2009 was raised to 10%. According to the direction of the above tax rate adjustment, the country’s tendency to protect resource-based raw materials is relatively obvious. After the implementation of the new tariff plan, domestic exports of titanium concentrate will be restricted, while imports of sulfuric acid and high-titanium slag should increase. There are currently about 70 titanium dioxide manufacturers in my country. Except for one in Jinzhou, which uses the chloride process, the others all use the sulfuric acid process and the raw materials used are mainly titanium concentrates. In recent years, titanium dioxide production companies have realized the advantages of high titanium slag and gradually turned to high titanium slag to produce titanium dioxide. For a long period of time in the future, titanium dioxide and metal sponge titanium products using high titanium slag as raw materials will still be key projects encouraged to develop in the adjustment of the national industrial structure. As a primary mineral product in short supply, high titanium slag has a very broad market prospect. Some relatively powerful domestic companies, such as Fengcheng Qianyu Titanium Industry Co., Ltd. , have begun to independently develop high-quality high-titanium slag. Some leading companies have invested huge capital to introduce advanced foreign technology and large-scale equipment for the production of high-titanium slag. . Increasing research and development efforts and using its technological advantages to produce high-quality, high-yield products to compete with peers and seize the market will become the biggest competitive trend in the development of the high-titanium slag industry.  

Titanium Dioxide Powder (inorganic chemical pigment)

Titanium dioxide is an important inorganic chemical pigment whose main component is titanium dioxide. There are two production processes for titanium dioxide: sulfuric acid method and chlorination method. It has important uses in industries such as coatings, inks, papermaking, plastics and rubber, chemical fibers, and ceramics.

Kaolin(Non-metallic minerals)

Kaolin, theoretical chemical formula: Al 2 [(OH) 4 /Si 2 O 5 ] , It is a non-metallic mineral , a kind of clay and clay rock mainly composed of kaolinite clay minerals . Because it is white and delicate, it is also called dolomitic soil . It is named after Gaoling Village , Jingdezhen , Jiangxi Province. Its pure kaolin is white, delicate, soft and earthy, and has good physical and chemical properties such as plasticity and fire resistance. Its mineral composition is mainly composed of kaolinite , halloysite , hydromica , illite, montmorillonite , quartz, feldspar and other minerals. Kaolin is widely used, mainly used in papermaking, ceramics and refractory materials . Secondly, it is used in coatings, rubber fillers, enamel glazes and white cement raw materials. In small quantities, it is used in plastics, paints, pigments, grinding wheels, pencils, daily cosmetics, soaps, etc. Pesticides, medicines, textiles, petroleum, chemicals, building materials, national defense and other industrial sectors. Composition Kaolin minerals are composed of kaolinite cluster minerals such as kaolinite, dikaiite, perlite, and halloysite. The main mineral component is kaolinite. The crystal chemical formula of kaolinite is 2SiO 2 ·Al 2 O 3 ·2H 2 O, and its theoretical chemical composition is 46.54% SiO 2 , 39.5% Al 2 O 3 , and 13.96% H 2 O. Kaolin minerals are 1:1 type layered silicates. The crystals are mainly composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons and aluminum-hydrogen-oxygen octahedrons. The silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons are connected along two-dimensional directions by sharing vertex angles to form a hexagonal arrangement. In the grid layer, the unshared peak oxygen of each silicon-oxygen tetrahedron faces one side; a 1:1 type unit layer is composed of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron layer and the oxygen-absorbing octahedron layer sharing the peak oxygen of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron layer Physical and chemical properties Properties: Mostly matte, white and delicate when pure, but may be gray, yellow, brown and other colors when containing impurities. The appearance can be loose soil lumps or dense rock lumps depending on the origin. Density: 2.54-2.60 g/cm3. Melting point: about 1785℃. It is plastic, and wet soil can be molded into various shapes without breaking, and can remain unchanged for a long time Origin of mineral deposits Kaolin is a common and very important clay mineral in nature. It is formed by the weathering of feldspar or other silicate minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks in acidic media lacking alkali metals and alkaline earth metals . Soil classification The minerals contained in kaolin in nature are mainly divided into clay minerals and non-clay minerals. Among them, clay minerals mainly include kaolinite minerals and a small amount of montmorillonite, mica and chlorite; non-clay minerals mainly include feldspar, quartz and hydrated minerals, as well as some iron minerals such as hematite and rhosite. Iron ore , limonite , etc., titanium minerals such as rutile, etc. and organic matter such as plant fiber , etc. It is mainly clay minerals that determine the properties of kaolin . Cause classification Based on the origin of kaolin deposits and based on the differences in mineralization geology, geographical conditions, deposit scale, ore body morphology and occurrence characteristics, ore material components reflected in different mineralization processes, the “Kaolin Mine Geological Exploration Code” will China’s kaolin deposits are divided into three types and six subtypes. 1. Weathering type: It is further divided into weathering residual subtype and weathering leaching subtype; 2. Hydrothermal alteration type: It is further divided into hydrothermal alteration subtype and modern hot spring alteration subtype; 3. Sedimentary type: It is further divided into sedimentary and sedimentary-weathering subtypes and kaolinite claystone subtype in coal-bearing strata. Industrial type It is divided into three types according to its texture, plasticity and sandy quality fraction: 1. Hard kaolin: hard and non-plastic, it can become plastic after being crushed and finely ground. 2. Soft kaolin: soft, strong plasticity, sand mass fraction <50%; 3. Sandy kaolin: soft, weak plasticity , sand mass fraction >50%. Process characteristics whiteness brightness Whiteness is one of the main parameters of kaolin’s technological performance. Kaolin with high purity is white. The whiteness of kaolin clay is divided into natural whiteness and calcined whiteness. For ceramic raw materials , the whiteness after calcining is more important. The higher the calcined whiteness, the better the quality. Ceramic technology stipulates that drying at 105°C is the grading standard for natural whiteness, and calcining at 1300°C is the grading standard for calcined whiteness. Whiteness can be measured with a whiteness meter. A whiteness meter is a device that measures the reflectivity of light with a wavelength of 3800-7000Å (i.e. angstrom, 1 angstrom = 0.1 nanometer). In the whiteness meter, the reflectance of the sample to be tested is compared with that of the standard sample (such as BaSO4, MgO, etc.), which is the whiteness value (for example, a whiteness of 90 means that it is equivalent to 90% of the reflectance of the standard sample). Brightness is a process property similar to whiteness, equivalent to the whiteness under irradiation of 4570Å (angstrom) wavelength light. The color of kaolin is mainly related to the metal oxides or organic matter it contains . Generally, those containing Fe2O3 are rose red and brown; those containing Fe2+ are light blue and light green; those containing MnO2 are light brown; those containing organic matter are light yellow, gray, green, black and other colors. The presence of these impurities reduces the natural whiteness of kaolin. The iron and titanium minerals also affect the calcined whiteness, causing stains or melting scars on the porcelain. Particle size distribution Particle size distribution refers to the proportion (expressed in percentage) of the particles in natural kaolin within a given continuous range of different particle sizes (expressed in meshes with millimeter or micron mesh openings). The particle size distribution characteristics of kaolin are of great significance to the selection of ores and process applications. Its particle size has a great impact on its plasticity, mud viscosity, ion exchange capacity, molding performance, drying performance, and firing performance. Kaolin ore requires technical processing. Whether it is easy to process to the fineness required by the process has become one of the criteria for evaluating the quality of the ore. Various industrial sectors have specific particle size and fineness requirements for kaolin clay for different uses. For example, the United States requires 90-95% of kaolin used as coatings to have a content less than 2 μm, and 78-80% of papermaking fillers less than 2 μm. plasticity The mud formed by the combination of kaolin and water can deform under the action of external force. The property of retaining this deformation after the external force is removed is called plasticity. Plasticity is the basis of the kaolin molding process in ceramic bodies and is also the main process technology indicator. Plasticity index and plasticity index are usually used to express the degree of plasticity. The plasticity index refers to the liquid limit moisture content of kaolin clay material minus the plastic limit moisture content, expressed as a percentage, that is, W plasticity index = 100 (W liquid limit – W plastic limit). The plasticity index represents the molding performance of kaolin clay material. It can be obtained by directly measuring the load and deformation of the mud ball when it is crushed under pressure using a plasticity meter. It is expressed in kg·cm. The higher the plasticity index, the better the molding performance. The plasticity of kaolin can be divided into four levels. Plasticity strength plasticity index plasticity index Strong plasticity>153.6 Medium plasticity 7-152.5-3.6 Weak plasticity 1-7<2.5 Non-plasticity<1 associativity Combinability refers to the ability of kaolin clay to combine with non-plastic raw materials to form a plastic mud mass with a certain dry strength. The binding ability is measured by adding standard quartz sand to kaolin clay (its mass composition is 0.25-0.15 grain size accounts for 70%, and 0.15-0.09mm grain size accounts for 30%). Its level is judged by its highest sand content when it can still maintain a plastic mud mass and its flexural strength after drying. The more sand is added, the stronger the bonding ability of the kaolin. Generally, kaolin clay with strong plasticity also has strong binding ability. viscosity Viscosity refers to a characteristic of a fluid that hinders its relative flow due to internal friction. Its size is represented by viscosity (the internal friction acting on 1 unit area), and the unit is Pa·s. The viscosity is generally measured using a rotational viscometer, measured by the rotational speed in kaolin mud containing 70% solid content . In the production process, viscosity is of great significance. It is not only an important parameter in the ceramic industry, but also has a great impact on the paper industry. According to data, when kaolin is used as coating abroad, the viscosity is required to be about 0.5 Pa·s when coating at low speed, and less than 1.5Pa·s when coating at high speed. Thixotropy refers to the characteristic that mud that has thickened into a gel-like state and no longer flows becomes fluid after being stressed, and then gradually thickens back to its original state after being stationary. Its size is represented by the thickening coefficient and measured using an outflow viscometer and a capillary viscometer. The viscosity and thixotropy are related to the mineral composition , particle size and cation type in the mud . Generally, those with a large montmorillonite content, fine particles, and exchangeable cations mainly containing sodium will have high viscosity and thickening coefficient. Therefore, methods such as adding strong plasticity clay and increasing fineness are commonly used to increase its viscosity and thixotropy, and methods such as increasing dilute electrolyte and moisture are used to reduce it. Drying performance Drying performance refers to the performance of kaolin mud during the drying process. Including drying shrinkage, drying strength and drying sensitivity. Drying shrinkage refers to the shrinkage of kaolin clay material after it loses water and dries. Kaolin mud generally dehydrates and dries at a temperature of 40-60°C and no more than 110°C. Due to the discharge of water, the distance between particles is shortened, and the length and volume of the sample will shrink. Drying shrinkage is divided into line shrinkage and volume shrinkage, expressed as the percentage change in length and volume of kaolin clay material after it is dried to constant weight. The drying line shrinkage of kaolin is generally 3-10%. The finer the particle size, the larger the specific surface area, the better the plasticity, and the greater the drying shrinkage. The same type of kaolin has different shrinkage due to different blends of water. Those with more water will shrink more. In the ceramic process, if the drying shrinkage is too large, the green body is prone to deformation or cracking. Dry strength refers to the flexural strength of mud after it is dried to constant weight. Drying sensitivity refers to the degree of difficulty with which the green body may tend to deform and crack when drying. High sensitivity, easy to deform and crack during drying process. Generally, kaolin with high drying sensitivity (drying sensitivity coefficient K>2) is easy to form defects; kaolin with low drying sensitivity (drying sensitivity coefficient K<1) is safer during drying. Sinterability Sinterability refers to the property that when the formed solid powdered kaolin body is heated to close to its melting point (generally over 1000°C), the substance spontaneously fills the gaps between the particles and becomes densified. The state in which the porosity drops to the minimum value and the density reaches the maximum value is called the sintering state, and the corresponding temperature is called the sintering temperature . As the heating continues, the liquid phase in the sample continues to increase and the sample begins to deform. The temperature at this time is called the transformation temperature. The interval between the sintering temperature and the transformation temperature is called the sintering range. Sintering temperature and sintering range are important parameters in determining the blank formula and selecting the type of kiln in the ceramic industry . The sample should have a low sintering temperature and a wide sintering range (100-150°C). In terms of technology, the sintering temperature and sintering range can be controlled by blending fluxing raw materials and blending different types of kaolin in proportion. Firing shrinkage Firing shrinkage refers to a series of physical and chemical changes that occur in the dried kaolin blank during the firing process (dehydration, decomposition, formation of mullite , melting of fusible impurities to form a glass phase that fills the gaps between particles, etc.) , and the properties that cause product shrinkage are also divided into two types: linear shrinkage and body shrinkage. Like drying shrinkage, excessive firing shrinkage can easily lead to cracking of the green body. In addition, if a large amount of quartz is mixed in the blank during roasting , it will undergo crystal transformation fire resistance Fire resistance refers to the ability of kaolin to withstand high temperatures without melting. The temperature at which it softens and begins to melt under high-temperature operations is called refractoriness. It can be measured directly using a standard thermometer cone or high-temperature microscope, or it can be measured using M. A. Calculated using Bezbelodov’s empirical formula . Refractoriness t (℃)=[360+Al2O3-R2O]/0.228 In the formula: Al2O3 is the mass percentage of Al2O3 when the sum of the analysis results of SiO2 and Al2O3 is 100; R2O is the mass percentage of other oxides when the sum of the analysis results of SiO2 and Al2O3 is 100. The error of calculating refractory degree through this formula is within 50℃. The refractory degree is related to the chemical composition of kaolin. The refractory degree of pure kaolin is generally around 1700°C. When the content of hydromica and feldspar is high, and the content of potassium, sodium and iron is high, the refractory degree is reduced. The minimum refractory degree of kaolin is not less than 1500℃. The industrial sector stipulates that the R2O content of refractory materials is less than 1.5-2%, and the Fe2O3 content is less than 3% . Suspension Suspension and dispersion refer to the performance of kaolin dispersed in water and difficult to precipitate. Also known as anti-flocculation. Generally, the finer the particle size, the better the suspension. Kaolin used in the enamel industry requires good suspension properties. Generally, the suspension performance of a sample dispersed in water is determined based on its sedimentation rate over a certain period of time. Optional Optionality refers to the performance of kaolin ore that has been hand-selected, mechanically processed and chemically treated to remove harmful impurities so that the quality meets industrial requirements. The selectivity of kaolin depends on the mineral composition, occurrence state, particle size, etc. of harmful impurities. Quartz, feldspar, mica, iron, titanium minerals, etc. are all harmful impurities. Kaolin mineral processing mainly includes sand removal, iron removal, sulfur removal and other projects . adsorption Kaolin has the ability to adsorb various ions and impurities from the surrounding medium, and has weak ion exchange properties in solution . The quality of these properties mainly depends on the main mineral composition of kaolin , see Table 8. Table 8 Cation exchange capacity of different types of kaolin Mineral composition characteristics Cation exchange capacity Mainly kaolinite 2-5mg/100g Mainly halloysite 13mg/100g Contains organic matter (ball soil) 10-120mg/100g chemically stable Kaolin has strong acid resistance, but its alkali resistance is poor. This property can be used to synthesize molecular sieves . electrical insulation High-quality kaolin has good electrical insulation, and this property can be used to make high-frequency porcelain and radio porcelain. The level of electrical insulation performance can be measured by its ability to resist electrical breakdown. application Industrial applications Kaolin has become a necessary mineral raw material for dozens of industries including papermaking, ceramics, rubber, chemicals, coatings, medicine and national defense . The ceramic industry is the earliest industry that uses kaolin and uses a large amount of kaolin. The general dosage is 20% to 30% of the formula. The role of kaolin in ceramics is to introduce Al2O3, which is beneficial to the formation of mullite and improves its chemical stability and sintering strength. During firing, kaolin decomposes to form mullite, which forms the main framework for the strength of the green body and prevents deterioration of the product. Deformation makes the firing temperature wider and the green body has a certain whiteness. At the same time, kaolin has certain plasticity, adhesion, suspension and bonding capabilities, which gives the porcelain mud and enamel good formability, making the ceramic mud blank conducive to turning and grouting, and facilitating forming. If used in wires, it can increase insulation and reduce dielectric loss. Ceramics not only have strict requirements on kaolin’s plasticity, bonding, drying shrinkage, drying strength, sintering shrinkage, sintering properties, refractoriness and post-fired whiteness, but also involve chemical properties, especially iron, titanium, copper, chromium, The presence of color-causing elements such as manganese reduces the whiteness after burning and causes spots. The particle size requirements for kaolin are generally finer, the better, so that the porcelain clay has good plasticity and dry strength. However, for casting processes that require fast casting, accelerated grouting speed and dehydration speed, the particle size of the ingredients needs to be increased. In addition, the difference in crystallization degree of kaolinite in kaolin will also significantly affect the process performance of the porcelain blank. If the degree of crystallization is good, the plasticity and bonding ability will be low, the drying shrinkage will be small, the sintering temperature will be high, and the impurity content will also be reduced; conversely, the It has high plasticity, large drying shrinkage, low sintering temperature, and corresponding high impurity content . edible In the old society and the Three Years of Difficulty Period, poor people often relied on eating Guanyin soil to survive during lean years or famine years. This soil can satisfy hunger, but it cannot be digested and absorbed by the human body. After eating, it will cause abdominal distension and difficulty in defecation. Eating a small amount is not fatal; Although you won’t go hungry, you will still die due to lack of nutrition. During the famine years, countless people died of suffocation due to their abdominal distension and inability to defecate after eating Guanyin soil. During Double Eleven in 2015, some merchants at Molecular Gourmet sold “kaolin clay”. After verification, it was found that there was only the name “kaolin” and there was no such term as “kaolin clay”. Kaolin (Guanyin soil) is the name of soil rich in the mineral kaolinite. The main components of kaolinite are alumina and silica . It is widely distributed in the kaolin area of ​​Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, and kaolin gets its name.

Pigments(Colorant)

Offset printing press(Lithographic printing press)

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Offset printing press(Lithographic printing press)

An offset printing press is a type of lithographic printing press . During printing, the printed images and text are first printed from the printing plate onto the rubber cylinder, and then transferred to the paper by the rubber cylinder.     Offset printing machines can be divided into sheet-fed offset printing machines and web-fed offset printing machines according to different paper feeding methods; according to the number of printing colors completed in one paper pass, they can be divided into single-color, two-color, four-color and multi-color printing machines; according to the printing substrate The maximum paper format can be divided into small offset printing presses , six-open, four-open, half-open and full-sheet printing presses.   In addition, there are double-sided printing presses that can complete two-sided printing at the same time in one paper pass. Sheet-fed offset printing press is a lithographic printing press , used for printing high-grade commercial prints and packaging prints, and is the mainstream of modern paper printing.   development path   birth   In 1904, Mr. Caspar Hermann of Germany was trying to improve lithographic printing technology, trying to find a new production method through countless experiments. The American Mr. Ella Washington Roubaix got involved in this research work by accident. During a printing job, Ira Washington Roubaix noticed that a piece of paper did not travel along the normal path during the printing process. He tried to print patterns on both the front and back of the paper. The image was first transferred from the printing plate to On the blanket of the impression cylinder , and then onto the paper. An unexpected scenario occurred: This indirect imprinting method produced a product with higher printing quality, and the elastic blanket surface transferred the ink to the paper more evenly. The printing method developed simultaneously by Caspar Hermann and Ira Washington Roubaix was born. This is the origin of what we often call offset printing. They separately designed sheet-fed offset printing equipment, but it was not immediately commercialized. It was not until 1912 that the world’s first web offset printing equipment, Universal, was launched, with a speed of 8,000 sheets/hour, and the offset printing machine was truly recognized by the world.   prototype   In 1911, KBA and Manroland , which had decades of experience in the production of letterpress and gravure printing machines , developed their first offset printing machines. From then on, they began to make more attempts in the field of printing.   In the 1920s, companies such as Manroland, KBA, and Komori all launched their own sheet-fed and web-fed offset printing equipment. In cooperation with related companies, we have developed various automated printing equipment with paper delivery units, refrigeration units, folding and drum drying components.   In 1932, KBA (Radebeul Company) launched the world’s first four-color sheet-fed offset printing press, Planeta-Deca, which took offset printing technology a big step forward.   World War II destroyed many factories, and the development of offset printing technology was also affected, stagnating for more than ten years. In the 1940s, the boom in American newspaper production and mass circulation further promoted the advancement of offset printing technology. After 1945, offset printing made it possible to achieve high quality and high requirements for commercial advertising. In contrast, producing four-color continuous-tone images using letterpress printing techniques became expensive and time-consuming. As the industry’s demand for image and printing quality continues to increase, offset printing technology has made new breakthroughs.   growing up   In the 1950s, printing technology emerged one after another and developed rapidly. The emergence of imagesetters broke the 540-year printing history of movable type typesetting for the first time and led to the emergence of digital image and text typesetting. Especially the emergence of the second generation imagesetters in 1954 made the typesetting technology Go to the next level. In 1956, the emergence of prefabricated photosensitive plates (PS plates) and plate-making equipment made offset printing technology a fish in water. At the same time, the demand for offset printing technology increased significantly. In the 1950s, manroland, KBA, Komori, Akiyama, etc. successively developed their own two-color and four-color offset printing equipment.   In the 1960s, the issue of ink balance during the printing process became the key to the development of offset printing technology. He invented alcohol dampening solution, and since the advent of the Dahlgren continuous dampening system in 1960, offset printing has begun to reach the level of clarity achieved by letterpress printing and compete with mature letterpress printing for the market.   In 1962, Heidelberg launched KOR, an offset printing machine modified from a letterpress printing machine, on drupa, thus entering the offset printing market. The emergence of small offset printing equipment such as KOR, as well as the ABDick350 and 360 series of small offset printing machines, attracted a large number of offset printing machine users. Most of them are small printing companies, which drives the rapid development of offset printing on a global scale. At this stage, various offset press manufacturers continued to launch new offset presses. In 1965, KBA made a huge breakthrough in sheet-fed offset printing technology and produced the world’s first unit-type and double-diameter imprinting and paper transfer machines. Cylinder printing press, this design was adopted and is still the mainstream form of sheet-fed printing press today.   Although the offset printing process had not yet been widely adopted around the world at this time, a considerable number of people had realized that it was a better quality and more accurate printing method.   In the 1970s, commercial printing began to develop vigorously. Printing technology (color printing system) developed towards automatic high-end color separation technology and full-page typesetting design system. It gradually bid farewell to photographic color separation and manual color separation, making color images easier to transmit and Realize “what you see is what you get”. Although the color printing system is expensive and cannot be widely used in printing plants, it has been concluded that it is the future development direction of offset printing technology.   The electrostatic printing introduced by Xerox at that time also pushed offset printing technology to a new level in a sense. The convenience and speed of electrostatic printing are particularly suitable for the needs of short-run printing, forcing printer manufacturers to keep up with market demand and focus on To improve the printing speed and automation of the equipment. Therefore, in the offset printing presses launched during this period, the unit printing press, button control and mechanical automatic ink supply system became standard configurations, and the printing speed was also improved.   At this time, various offset printing rookies continued to appear. In 1971, Akiyama originally designed and developed a 3-diameter impression cylinder and a four-open, four-color machine Hi-Ace426 with a speed of 10,000 sheets per hour; in 1972, Manroland produced the first modular machine Printing press – Rondoset offset press and the first ROLAND 800 sheet-fed offset press with ink compensation control system, its printing speed can reach 10,000 sheets per hour, and the launch of COLORMAN, the largest rotary printing press in Europe at the time; in 1974, Heidelberg Launched the first model of a new generation of printing presses – the Speedmaster 72V four-color offset press ; in 1974, KBA (Planeta) launched the world’s first sheet-fed offset press with eight units.   Rapid development   In the mid-1980s, printing plants began to use computers to control the printing process. Most of the offset presses in this era realized automation of ink transfer, dampening, registration adjustment and plate reading, simplifying operations and improving printing efficiency. The application of computers in offset printing and the advent of film output machines have greatly improved the working efficiency of offset printing machines. Many offset printing machines launched in the 1980s were equipped with ink remote control systems, computer-controlled pre-inking systems, dampening unit control, alcohol-free dampening, color control systems, flipping devices, etc. Representative models include Heidelberg GTO52 and Akiyama HA1P40. , Hi-Ace432 and Bestech32, Komori Riselong L40, etc. as examples. It is worth mentioning that in 1985, KBA produced the Rapida 104, the world’s first split sheet-fed offset press with a printing speed of 15,000 sheets/hour.   In the 1990s, the birth of the direct-to-plate system (CTP) was the most important contribution to offset printing technology, bringing the work efficiency and application of offset printing machines to unprecedented levels. Offset presses are more automated and digital technology is more widely used. The highlight of this period was the GTO-DI, the world’s first on-machine direct-to-plate printing press jointly launched by Presstek and Heidelberg at the Print 91 Chicago Print Show, which represented the future development direction of short-run offset printing. At IPEX 98, the Heidelberg Speedmaster SM 74 DI direct imaging offset press was exhibited for the first time and caused a sensation around the world. Today, these configurations may no longer seem new, but at the time it was comparable to laser printers and met the needs of on-demand color printing. Even on drupa 2000, many printing press manufacturers launched their own DI solutions. In 1997, KBA launched the Compacta 215, the world’s first commercial web offset press that fully adopted shaftless technology, which was also an important breakthrough in the development of web offset presses. Since then, shaftless technology has been widely used in web offset presses. Heidelberg CP Window, the world’s first fully digital printing control system, also met users at drupa1990.   At this stage, the offset printing press products launched by major manufacturers have become more mature and complete, and have begun to develop in the direction of multi-color groups and multi-functions, making multi-color group double-sided printing, connected varnishing and drying no longer just a dream. Manroland launched the Roland 700 and Roland 300, medium-sized machines with a printing speed of 15,000 sheets/hour, and the Roland 900, a large-format sheet-fed offset press with an innovative concept; Komori was the first in the world to develop the Komori fully automatic plate changer (Full-APC) ; The new production line of Heidelberg Speedmaster SM74 offset printing press strives to dominate the four-format (52cm × 74cm) printing market; KBA launches the first ten-color (five-to-five) Rapida printing press; Akiyama designs and develops a unique high-performance roller arrangement , high efficiency, high value-added Jprint type sheet-fed double-sided printing press; Komori developed multi-color double-sided offset printing machine LITHRONE 40SP, etc.   Classification   Offset printing machines can be divided into single-color, two-color, four-color and multi-color printing machines according to the number of printing colors completed in one paper pass. According to the maximum paper format that can be printed, it can be divided into small offset printing presses, six-open, four-open, folio and full-sheet printing presses. In addition, there are also double-sided printing presses that can complete two-sided printing at the same time in one paper pass. According to the dampening system, it can be divided into alcohol machine (that is, the offset printing machine with alcohol dampening version), water truck (that is, the offset printing machine with water dampening version) and waterless offset printing machine.   future   The offset printing technology jointly invented by the German Caspar Hermann and the American Ella Washington Roubaix triggered a complete revolution in offset printing technology. This breakthrough enabled the offset printing technology to develop for a hundred years and occupy the entire The printing industry produces 70% of the market. As a technology that has lasted for a hundred years and is constantly improving, the development of offset printing technology is closely related to the development of the global economy and the progress of mankind. A hundred years of history have made it more mature and exciting.    
Pigments(Colorant)

Pigments are substances that give colors to objects. Pigments are divided into soluble and insoluble, inorganic and organic. Inorganic pigments are generally mineral substances. Humans have long known the use of inorganic pigments, using colored earth and ores, to paint on rock walls and smear their bodies. Organic pigments are generally derived from plants and marine animals, such as mozambique, garcinia and purple extracted from shellfish in ancient Rome.   Introduction Pigment is a powdery substance used for coloring. It is insoluble in water, grease, resin, organic solvents and other media, but can be evenly dispersed in these media and can color the media, and has a certain hiding power. The basic requirements for pigments used in art are that the finer the particles, the better, the brighter the color, the better, and the longer it lasts without discoloration, the better (the stability is better). Watercolor paints Watercolor paints, except white, are almost all transparent. Only in this way can the needs of watercolor cover dyeing be met. Gouache paint was originally invented by adding white powder to watercolor paint to make the color opaque. Because watercolor paint is transparent, it is difficult to correct if you make a mistake. Gouache paint can be easily modified because it is opaque. Later, raw materials such as gum arabic were added to the gouache pigment to further improve its performance. Gum arabic can make the surface of gouache paint have a layer of luster after it dries. However, in special occasions where flat coating is required (such as rendering renderings and coloring animations), the glue will form irregular spots on the surface of the color, or make the color dull. It is uneven, so there are special degumming pigments. Oil paint is paint diluted with oil. Chinese painting pigments are very rich and come in various types, ranging from mineral powder to plant extraction to animal extraction, and the types are complex. Theoretically, as long as there are three primary colors of red, blue and yellow, all other colors can be mixed, but the purity of the mixed colors is always not high enough. Therefore, modern art paint manufacturers produce high-purity pigments for various hues and brightness colors. to meet various needs. From the most basic 12 colors to the usual 24 colors or even 48 colors to more than 60 colors. Special metallic colors are not included. use It is an indispensable raw material for the manufacture of paints, inks, oil painting pastes, cosmetic paints, colored papers, etc. It is also used for filling and coloring plastics, rubber products, and synthetic fiber solutions. Performance characteristics Pigments usually have the following properties: color. Color pigments are pigments that selectively absorb and scatter visible light energy and can present colors such as yellow, red, blue, and green under natural light conditions. Tinting power. The ability of a coloring pigment to absorb incident light. It can be expressed as a relative percentage equivalent to the tinting power of a standard pigment sample. Covering power. The ability of a film-forming substance to cover the surface color of a substrate. It is often expressed in grams of pigment contained in paint covering an area of ​​1 square meter. Lightfastness. The ability of pigments to maintain their original color under certain lighting conditions. Generally, an eight-level system is used, with level eight being the best. Weather resistance. The ability of pigments to maintain their original properties under certain natural or artificial climatic conditions. Generally, a five-level system is used, with level five being the best. Volatile. Mainly refers to moisture, which is generally not more than 1%. Oil absorption. Refers to the number of grams of refined linseed oil required to form a uniform mass of 100 grams of pigment. The one with the smallest oil absorption capacity is better. The oil absorption capacity is related to the specific surface area and structure of the pigment particles. water soluble matter. The water-soluble substances contained in the pigment are expressed as a mass percentage of the pigment. The water-soluble content of pigments used in paint making is often controlled below 1%. concept Pigment is a colored fine-grained powdery substance that is generally insoluble in water and can be dispersed in various media such as oils, solvents, and resins. It has hiding power, tinting power, and is relatively stable to light. It is often used in the preparation of coatings, inks, and colored plastics and rubber, so it can also be called a colorant. Pigments differ from dyes in that dyes are generally soluble in water (an old distinction), while pigments are generally insoluble in water. Dyes are mainly used for dyeing textiles and other materials. However, this distinction is not very clear, because some dyes may also be insoluble in water, and pigments are also used in pigment printing and pulp coloring of textiles. The chemical structure of organic pigments is similar to that of organic dyes, so they are usually regarded as a branch of dyes. Performance characteristics Pigments usually have the following properties: color . Color pigments are pigments that selectively absorb and scatter visible light energy and can present colors such as yellow, red, blue, and green under natural light conditions. Tinting power . The ability of a coloring pigment to absorb incident light. It can be expressed as a relative percentage equivalent to the tinting power of a standard pigment sample. Covering power . The ability of a film-forming substance to cover the surface color of a substrate. It is often expressed in grams of pigment contained in paint covering an area of ​​1 square meter. Lightfastness . The ability of pigments to maintain their original color under certain lighting conditions. Generally, an eight-level system is used, with level eight being the best. Weather resistance . The ability of pigments to maintain their original properties under certain natural or artificial climatic conditions. Generally, a five-level system is used, with level five being the best. Volatile . Mainly refers to moisture, which is generally not more than 1%. Oil absorption . Refers to the number of grams of refined linseed oil required to form a uniform mass of 100 grams of pigment. The one with the smallest oil absorption capacity is better. The oil absorption capacity is related to the specific surface area and structure of the pigment particles. water soluble matter . The water-soluble substances contained in the pigment are expressed as a mass percentage of the pigment. The water-soluble content of pigments used in paint making is often controlled below 1%. Basic classification Pigments can be divided into two categories based on their chemical composition: inorganic pigments and organic pigments. Based on their sources, they can be further divided into natural pigments and synthetic pigments. Natural pigments are derived from minerals, such as cinnabar, laterite, realgar, malachite green and heavy calcium carbonate, wollastonite, barite powder, talc powder, mica powder, kaolin, etc. Those from biological sources, such as those from animals: cochineal red, natural fish scale powder, etc.; those from plants include: garcinia, alizarin red, indigo, etc. Synthetic pigments are artificially synthesized, such as inorganic pigments such as titanium white, zinc barium white, lead chromium yellow, and iron blue, as well as organic pigments such as red pink, even light yellow, phthalocyanine blue, and quinacridone. Pigments are classified according to their function, such as anti-rust pigments, magnetic pigments, luminescent pigments, pearlescent pigments, conductive pigments, etc. Classification by color is a convenient and easy-to-use method. Thus pigments can be classified as white, yellow, red, blue, green, brown, purple, black, regardless of their origin or chemical composition. The famous “Dye Index” (ColorIndex) uses a color classification method: for example, pigments are divided into pigment yellow (PY), pigment orange (PO), pigment red (PR), pigment violet (PV), and pigment blue (PB). , Pigment green (PG), Pigment brown (PBr), Pigment black (PBk), Pigment white (PW), Metallic pigment (PM) and other ten categories. Pigments of the same color are arranged according to the sequence number. For example, titanium white is PW- 6. Zinc-barium white PW-5, lead chromium yellow PY-34, quinacridone PR-207, iron oxide red PR-101, phthalocyanine blue PB-15, etc. In order to find the chemical composition, there are other structural numbers, such as titanium white PW-6C.I.77891 and phthalocyanine blue PB-15C.I.74160, which allow manufacturers and users of pigments to identify the listed pigments. The composition and chemical structure of. Therefore, it has been widely used in the international pigment import and export trade industry, and some domestic pigment manufacturers also use this international classification standard for pigments. China’s national standard for pigments, GB/T3182-1995, also uses color classification. Each pigment color has a symbol, such as white for BA, red for HO, yellow for HU… Then combined with the code and serial number of the chemical structure, the pigment model is formed, such as rutile titanium white BA-01-03, medium chrome yellow HU-02-02, iron oxide red HO-01-01, zinc barium white BA-11-01, toluidine red HO-02-01, BGS phthalocyanine blue LA-61-02, etc. Pigments can be classified according to the types of compounds they contain: Inorganic pigments can be subdivided into oxides, chromates, sulfates, silicates, borates, molybdates, phosphates, vanadates, ferricyanates , hydroxides, sulfides, metals, etc.; organic pigments can be divided into azo pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, anthraquinones, indigo, quinacridone, dioxazine and other polycyclic pigments, arylmethane according to the chemical structure of the compound Department of pigments, etc. From the perspective of production and manufacturing, they can be classified into titanium pigments, iron pigments, chromium pigments, lead pigments, zinc pigments, metallic pigments, and organic synthetic pigments. This classification method has practical significance, and often one system can Represents a professional pigment production industry. From the perspective of application, it can be divided into paint pigments, ink pigments, plastic pigments, rubber pigments, ceramic and enamel pigments, pharmaceutical and cosmetic pigments, art pigments, etc. Various specialty pigments have some unique properties to match the requirements of the application. Pigment manufacturers can also recommend a series of pigment products to professional users in a targeted manner. acrylic paint Acrylic paint is a synthetic polymer pigment invented in the 1950s. It is made of pigment powder mixed with acrylic latex. Acrylic latex is also called acrylic resin polymerized latex. There are many kinds of acrylic resins, such as methacrylic resins, etc. Therefore, there are also many kinds of acrylic paints. Foreign pigment manufacturers have produced a series of acrylic products, such as matte acrylic pigments, semi-matte acrylic pigments, glossy acrylic pigments, acrylic matte oils, glazing oils, plastic ointments, etc. Acrylic paints are very popular among painters. Compared with oil paints, it has the following characteristics: 1. It can be released with water to facilitate cleaning. 2. Quick drying. The paint dries within minutes after being put down, unlike oil paintings that have to wait several months to be polished. Painters who prefer slow-drying paints can use retarder to delay the drying time of the paint. 3. The coloring layer quickly loses solubility as it dries, forming a tough, elastic, water-impermeable film. This membrane is similar to rubber. 4. The color is full, thick, and fresh, and it never feels “dirty” or “grey” no matter how you blend it. The colored layer will never absorb oil and cause stains. 5. The longevity of the piece is longer. The oil film in oil paintings is prone to oxidation over time, turning yellow and hardening, which can easily lead to cracks in the painting. Theoretically speaking, acrylic film will never become brittle or yellow. 6. The biggest difference between acrylic paint and oil painting in the way it is used is that it has the operating characteristics of general water-based paints and can be used as both watercolor and gouache. 7. Acrylic modeling ointment contains granular types, and there are coarse particles and fine particles, which provides convenience for making textures. 8. Acrylic paint is not very harmful to the human body. Just be careful not to accidentally eat it. 9. Acrylic paint can be used to design your own cultural shirts, which can highlight your personal personality. But it’s best to use cotton clothes and be white. It should be noted that acrylic painting should be painted on a base made of acrylic primer (GESSO), not an oil base. Material experts also do not advocate the mixing of acrylic and oil paints, especially not to paint oil paintings on an acrylic base. This is mainly for the permanent preservation of the work. There is no adverse reaction between acrylic and oil paints. When used alternately, their adhesion needs to be tested over time. water based pigments Water-based pigment is a new type of environmentally friendly pigment. Compared with traditional pigments, it has the advantages of non-toxic and odorless. Compared with traditional pigments, it is more in line with the concept of health and environmental protection, and has become a trend in pigments. Oil paints Oil paint is a special paint for oil paintings, which is made by mixing and grinding pigment powder with oil and glue. Most of them are sold in the market in tubes, but you can also make your own. Oil paint is a material entity formed by mixing and grinding mineral, plant, animal, chemically synthesized toner and the blending agent linseed oil or walnut oil. Its characteristic is that it can be dyed to other materials or attached to certain materials to form a certain pigment layer. This pigment layer has a certain degree of plasticity. It can form various shapes and marks that the painter wants to achieve according to the use of tools. texture. The various hues of oil paints are determined by the hue of the toner. Oil can make the hue of the toner slightly darker and more saturated. Chinese painting pigments Chinese painting pigments, also called Chinese painting pigments, are special pigments used to paint Chinese paintings. They are generally sold in tubes and paint blocks, but also in pigment powder. Classification of Chinese Painting Pigments Traditional Chinese painting pigments are generally divided into two categories: mineral pigments and plant pigments. Historically speaking, minerals should be used first, followed by plants, just like when using ink, pine smoke comes first and oil smoke comes later. The bright colors left on the ancient rock paintings were found to be made from mineral pigments (such as cinnabar). The remarkable characteristics of mineral pigments are that they are not easy to fade and are brightly colored. Most people who have seen Zhang Daqian’s splash-color paintings in his later years have this impression. , large areas of azurite, azurite, and cinnabar can refresh people’s spirits! Plant pigments are mainly extracted from trees and flowers. gouache paint Gouache is the abbreviation of gouache pigment. It has many names in China, such as advertising color, promotional color, etc. It is a kind of watercolor, that is, opaque watercolor paint. Because it is cheap, easy to learn and use, it is often used as an introductory painting material for beginners to learn color painting, and its usage simulates oil painting techniques. Performance of gouache Limitations of Purity and Brightness of Gouache Color When gouache paint is wet, its color saturation is as high as that of oil paint. But after it dries, due to the effect of the powder and the color losing its luster, the saturation is greatly reduced. This is its color. Limitations of Purity. The brightness of gouache is improved by diluting, adding powder, or using lighter colors with more powdery pigments. Its dry and wet changes are very large. Often some colors only add a small amount of powder. When wet and dry, the brightness will show a darker or lighter difference. This is the dry-wet reaction of gouache paint. Because the color of gouache generally becomes lighter after it dries, using the gouache well is the most difficult problem to solve technically in gouache painting. The pink color just makes the color of the picture full of the unique “pink” quality of gouache painting, and appears particularly rich in the middle color, but the color fineness of gouache painting is still far lower than that of oil painting. Due to the limitations of gouache paint, few large-scale works with higher specifications are created with gouache paint. Personality differences of gouache pigments Most colors of gouache pigments are relatively stable, such as earthy yellow, earthy red, ocher, orange, medium yellow, light yellow, olive green, pink green, ultramarine, cobalt blue, lake blue, etc. However, colors such as deep red, rose red, green lotus, and violet in gouache paint are extremely unstable, prone to color flipping, and difficult to cover. There are few types of transparent gouache colors, only a few colors such as lemon yellow, rose red, and green lotus. To draw a good gouache painting, you must fully grasp the personality of each gouache pigment and understand its color-receiving ability and covering ability. size, color and price. These issues require continuous practice so that practice makes perfect. Limitations of gouache There will be no unevenness when painting a large area. toxicology Regarding the toxicology of organic pigments it can be summarized that the pigments themselves are considered almost physiologically inert (safe), the health effects arise mainly from their dusty state (granular matter), due to their poor solubility. Organic pigments are actually not biodegradable. However, dispersants, binders, solvents, etc. may be used in the intermediate or final products of pigments. Under certain conditions, the toxicological effects of these substances should be considered. Toxicity sometimes results from degradation products. This degradation product of the pigment occurs when it is irradiated with laser light. For example, CI Pigment Red 22, 2-methyl-5-nitroaniline is produced by cleavage of the pigment by laser irradiation and the toxic krebseregende. Naming method Pigments are usually associated with a common name, a trade name or a color index of name (CI Common Name Nomenclature), as systematic nomenclature according to IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) or CAS (Chemical Abstracts Society) can result in unwieldy names. example: Common name: tender yellow Product name: Aureolin benzimidazolone yellow Protected Trade Name: Hostaperm Yellow H4G(TM) CI common name: CI Pigment Yellow 151 CAS Index: Benzoic acid, 2-[[1-[[(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)amino]carbonyl]-2-oxopropyl] Azo]
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