High Titanium Slag is commonly known as the titanium ore enrichment formed through the physical production process. The titanium ore is heated and melted by an electric furnace to melt and separate the titanium dioxide and iron in the titanium ore, which is a high-content titanium dioxide enrichment. High titanium slag is neither a waste residue nor a by-product, but a high-quality raw material for the production of titanium tetrachloride , titanium dioxide and titanium sponge products. Titanium slag is smelted from Ilmenite.   status color   The general state is powdery and black. The particle size is 40-200 mesh (Mesh). Supplied in powder form, the total amount of particle size between 0.425mm and 0.075mm is not less than 75%.   Application areas   1. High titanium slag with a TiO 2 content greater than 90% can be used as a raw material for the production of titanium dioxide by chlorination method 2. High-titanium slag with less than 90% TiO 2 is a high-quality raw material for the production of titanium dioxide by sulfuric acid method. Prospect analysis As the global consumption of titanium dioxide and titanium sponge continues to grow, the demand for high titanium slag has been on a straight upward trend. In recent years, the annual global high-titanium slag transaction volume has exceeded US$1 billion. High titanium slag is commonly known as a titanium ore enrichment formed through a physical production process. The titanium ore is heated and melted by an electric furnace to melt and separate the titanium dioxide and iron in the titanium ore, which is a high-content titanium dioxide enrichment. High titanium slag is neither a waste residue nor a by-product, but a high-quality raw material for the production of titanium tetrachloride, titanium dioxide and titanium sponge products. In recent years, my country’s titanium dioxide and titanium sponge industries have developed rapidly. Due to the high titanium content of high-titanium slag, the production (processing) of “three wastes” is small, the utilization rate of resources and energy is high, and it can help improve product quality. my country’s high-titanium slag The demand is growing rapidly. Although the domestic production of high titanium slag is constantly expanding, it still cannot meet the strong domestic demand. my country also needs to import a large amount of high titanium slag every year to supplement the gap. my country’s high-titanium slag industry still shows a situation of insufficient supply. In the next few years, my country’s high-titanium slag will still need to be imported in large quantities. my country’s titanium slag production technology level is at the bottom in the world. The overall scale of high-titanium slag production enterprises is small and their competitiveness is not strong. In 2005, there were only about a dozen companies producing and processing high-titanium slag in China. By 2006, the number of domestic companies had increased, but the overall quality was not strong. Except for Panzhihua Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. , a large company, the rest of the companies produced The output of high titanium slag is less than 10,000 tons. In 2007, the number of companies producing high titanium slag in my country increased rapidly, growing to more than 60 companies, and the strength of the companies is growing. At the end of 2008, the Tariff Commission of the State Council issued the “2009 Tariff Implementation Plan”. According to the plan, the import of high-titanium slag (titanium dioxide mass fraction greater than 70%) (tariff number 38249099) in 2009 will continue to be reduced from the original most-favored-nation rate of 6.5% to 0 , sulfuric acid (Tariff No. 28070000) was reduced from the original MFN tax rate of 5.5% to 0. At the same time, the tentative tariff for the export of titanium ore and its concentrate (Tariff No. 26140000) in 2009 was raised to 10%. According to the direction of the above tax rate adjustment, the country’s tendency to protect resource-based raw materials is relatively obvious. After the implementation of the new tariff plan, domestic exports of titanium concentrate will be restricted, while imports of sulfuric acid and high-titanium slag should increase. There are currently about 70 titanium dioxide manufacturers in my country. Except for one in Jinzhou, which uses the chloride process, the others all use the sulfuric acid process and the raw materials used are mainly titanium concentrates. In recent years, titanium dioxide production companies have realized the advantages of high titanium slag and gradually turned to high titanium slag to produce titanium dioxide. For a long period of time in the future, titanium dioxide and metal sponge titanium products using high titanium slag as raw materials will still be key projects encouraged to develop in the adjustment of the national industrial structure. As a primary mineral product in short supply, high titanium slag has a very broad market prospect. Some relatively powerful domestic companies, such as Fengcheng Qianyu Titanium Industry Co., Ltd. , have begun to independently develop high-quality high-titanium slag. Some leading companies have invested huge capital to introduce advanced foreign technology and large-scale equipment for the production of high-titanium slag. . Increasing research and development efforts and using its technological advantages to produce high-quality, high-yield products to compete with peers and seize the market will become the biggest competitive trend in the development of the high-titanium slag industry.  

River sand is a non-metallic ore produced by repeated collision and friction of natural stone under the force of water for a long time in its natural state . Its composition is relatively complex, the surface has a certain smoothness, and it is a non-metallic ore with high impurity content . River sand has smooth particles, is relatively clean, and comes from a wide range of sources; river sand has no taste, while sea sand has a salty taste.   type   River sand is currently divided into: river sand 4-8 mesh, river sand 8-16 mesh, river sand 10-20 mesh, river sand 20-40 mesh, river sand 40-70 mesh, river sand 70-100 mesh.   contribute   River sand has made outstanding contributions to the construction industry. But sea sand is the opposite. Sea sand is often mixed with shells and salt. Most sea sand contains excessive chloride ions , which will corrode the steel bars in reinforced concrete , eventually leading to the destruction of the building structure and shortening the safe use of the building to a certain extent. life.   use   After drying and screening, river sand can be widely used in various dry mortars ; for example, thermal insulation mortar , bonding mortar and plastering mortar use washed, dried and graded river sand as the main aggregate. The strength is similar to mortar made of quartz sand . Therefore, river sand generally plays an irreplaceable role in construction and decoration!   reduce   On August 19, 2019, a recent comment published in the British magazine Nature stated that the rate of sand and gravel extraction has exceeded the rate of natural recovery.   It is reported that sand and gravel are already the most mined raw materials. About 32 billion tons to 50 billion tons of sand are used around the world every year, mainly used to make cement, glass and electronic products. Although deserts make up 20% of the Earth’s land surface , their sand is too smooth to be used. The vast majority of angular sand suitable for industrial use comes from rivers – which occupy less than 1% of the earth’s surface.

Glucose, organic compound , molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6. It is the most widely distributed and important monosaccharide in nature . It is a polyhydroxyaldehyde. Pure glucose is a colorless crystal, sweet but not as sweet as sucrose . It is easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol , and insoluble in ether . The optical rotation of natural glucose aqueous solution is to the right, so it belongs to ” dextrose “.         Glucose plays an important role in the field of biology . It is the energy source and metabolic intermediate product of living cells , that is, the main energy supply substance of organisms. Plants produce glucose through photosynthesis . It is widely used in candy manufacturing and pharmaceutical fields.   A brief history of research   In 1747, the German chemist S. Marggraf was in Berlin Glucose was isolated for the first time and the process was published in “Chemical Experiments on the Extraction of Sucrose from Several Plants Originating in Germany” in 1749In the article, page 90 reads: “Moisten raisins with a small amount of water to soften them, and then squeeze the squeezed juice. After purification and concentration, a sugar is obtained. The sugar discovered by Magraf is glucose.   However, glucose was not named until 1838. Its English name glucose is derived from the French glucose . It was first created by French professor Eugène-Melchior Péligot (1811-1890). From the German word gleukos – unfermented sweet fruit wine , the prefix gluc- comes from the German glykys , which means sweet, and the suffix -ose indicates its chemical classification, indicating that it is a carbohydrate .     In the same year, Louis Jacques Thénard , Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac , Jean – BaptisteBiot and Jean -Jean Baptiste AndreDumas Four French scientists jointly published a review of Mr. Perigo’s collection of academic papers, titled “Research on Nature and the Chemistry of Sugars” Study,” on page 109, reads: “Those derived from grapes, starch, honey, and even substances that cause diabetes have the same composition and properties, naming this single substance glucose.     Due to the important position of glucose in living organisms, understanding its chemical composition and structure became an important topic in organic chemistry in the 19th century. In 1884, Emil Fischer began to study sugars . There were only four types of monosaccharides known at that time : two aldohexoses (glucose, galactose ) and twoketohexoses ( fructose , sorbose ). They have the same molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6 , Chemistry at the University of Munich H.iKhani preliminarily found that glucose and galactose are linear five-hydroxy aldehydes, and fructose and sorbose are linear five-hydroxy ketones .     Fisher discovered that glucose, fructose, and mannose formed the same vein as benzene, and therefore concluded that these three sugars had the same configuration below the second carbon atom. According to the stereoisomerismtheory of Van’tHoff andeLeBl, Fisher deduced that aldohexose has 16 possible configurations, using methods such as oxidation, reduction, degradation, and addition . , by 1891, he determined the configuration of all members of D-aldohexose. [4]In 1892, the German chemist Fischer determined the chain structure of glucose and its stereoisomers, and won the 1902Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his great achievements in stereochemistry .      In April 2022, Chinese scientists used electrocatalysis combined with biosynthesis to efficiently reduce carbon dioxide to synthesize high-concentration acetic acid, and further use microorganisms to synthesize glucose and oil. This achievement was jointly completed by the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Science and Technology of China. It was published as a cover article in the international academic journal “Nature Catalysis” on April 28, 2022.      On August 15, 2023, the famous academic journal ” Science Bulletin ” published the latest research results showing that Chinese scientists achieved precise total synthesis from carbon dioxide to sugar in the laboratory, taking a key step in artificially synthesizing sugar. The research results were completed by the scientific research team of Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, which took more than two years to complete. The team mixed high-concentration carbon dioxide and other raw materials in a certain proportion in the reaction solution, and under the action of chemical catalysts and enzyme catalysts, four kinds of hexoses were obtained:     glucose, psicose, tagatose, and mannose. Hexose is the collective name for sugars that are widely distributed in nature and are most closely related to the body’s nutritional metabolism.     Physical and chemical properties   Glucose is colorless crystal or white crystalline or granular powder; odorless, sweet, hygroscopic, and easily soluble in water.     ⒈Optical activity The specific optical rotation value of α-D-glucose at 20°C is +52.2°.     ⒉Solubility _ The maximum concentration of a single glucose solution is 50% at 20°C.     ⒊Sweetness _ The specific sweetness of α-D-glucose is 0.7.     ⒋Viscosity _ The viscosity of glucose increases with increasing temperature.     Density : 1.581g/cm 3     Melting point: 146ºC     Boiling point : 527.1ºC at 760 mmHg     Flash point : 286.7ºC     Refractive index :1.362     Storage conditions: 2-8ºC     chemical properties   It is the most widely distributed monosaccharide in nature. Glucose contains five hydroxyl groups and one aldehyde group , and has the properties of polyol and aldehyde .     It easily decomposes when heated under alkaline conditions. Should be kept airtight. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and is utilized by tissues after entering the human body. 1 mol of glucose releases 2870 kJ of energy after complete oxidation reaction in the human body. Part of this energy is converted into 30 or 32 mol of ATP. The rest of the energy is dissipated in the form of heat energy to maintain the body temperature. It can also be converted into glycogen or fat for storage through the liver or muscles. .   (1) The aldehyde group in the molecule has reducing properties and can react with silver ammonia solution and be oxidized into ammonium gluconate .   (2) The aldehyde group can also be reduced to hexanehexanol.     (3) There are multiple hydroxyl groups in the molecule, which can undergo esterification reactions with acids.     (4) Glucose undergoes oxidation reaction in the body and releases heat.   (5) Glucose can be produced by hydrolysis of starch under the catalysis of enzyme or sulfuric acid.     (6) Plant photosynthesis .   (7) Glucose reacts with newly prepared copper hydroxide .   (8) Glucose decomposes into water and carbon dioxide under certain conditions .     (9) Hydrolysis of maltose.   (10) Hydrolysis of starch and cellulose.    Preparation     1. The sugar aqueous solution obtained by partially hydrolyzing edible corn starch with food-grade acids and/or enzymes is purified and concentrated. Due to different degrees of hydrolysis, the amount of D-glucose contained can vary greatly. Those made from corn starch are called “corn syrup”.       2. Glucose can be obtained by hydrolyzing starch with hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid. It can also be made from starch as raw material under the action of starch glucoamylase.       Physiology and biochemistry   The central nervous systemrelies almost entirely on the supply of blood sugar as energy. Once blood sugar rises to 80 mg%, diabetes may occur.     Industrially, glucose is produced by hydrolysis of starch. In the 1960s, microbial enzymatic methods were used to produce glucose. This is a major innovation and has obvious advantages over acid hydrolysis. In production, the raw materials do not need to be refined, and there is no need for acid-resistant or pressure-resistant equipment. Moreover, the sugar liquid has no bitter taste and has a high sugar production rate.     Glucose is mainly used as an injectable nutritional agent ( glucose injection ) in medicine.     In the food industry, fructose can be produced from glucose after isomerase treatment, especially fructose syrup containing 42% fructose , which has the same sweetness as sucrose and has become an important product in the current sugar industry.     Glucose is an indispensable nutrient for metabolism in living organisms. The heat released by its oxidation reaction is an important source of energy required for human life activities. It can be used directly in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is used as a reducing agent in the printing, dyeing and tanning industry. Glucose is commonly used asa reducing agent in the mirror-making industry and the silver plating process of thermos bottles . In industry, a large amount of glucose is used as raw material to synthesize vitamin C (ascorbic acid).   metabolic function   Glucose is easily absorbed into the bloodstream, so it is often used by hospital personnel, sports enthusiasts, and everyday people as a powerful, quick energy boost.     Glucose enhances memory, stimulates calcium absorption and increases intercellular communication. But too much can raise insulin concentrations, leading to obesity and diabetes; too little can cause hypoglycemia or worse, insulin shock ( diabetic coma ). Glucose is important for brain function, and glucose metabolism can be disrupted by: depression, bipolar disorder, anorexia, and bulimia. Alzheimer’s disease patients record lower glucose concentrations than other brain abnormalities, leading to strokes or other vascular diseases. Researchers found that supplementing the diet with 75 grams of glucose increased memory test scores.      Glucose is absorbed into liver cells, reducing glycogen secretion, causing muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake. Excess blood glucose is converted into fatty acids and triglycerides in the liver and fatty tissue.   Indications    Glucose is widely used clinically to provide water and calories for patients with high fever, dehydration, coma or inability to eat. When a large amount of body fluid is lost in the body, such as vomiting, diarrhea, massive blood loss, etc., 5% to 10% glucose and physiological saline can be infused intravenously to supplement water, salt and sugar, and can be used for patients with hypoglycemia and drug poisoning. Intravenous infusion of 25% to 50% hypertonic solution can cause tissue dehydration and temporary diuresis due to its high osmotic effect. It can be used alternately with mannitol to treat cerebral edema, pulmonary edema and reduce intraocular pressure. Hypoglycemia is treated with intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose. Combined with insulin, it can promote the transfer of potassium into cells and is also one of the treatment measures for hyperkalemia .   Decomposition pathway    Natural glucose, whether free or combined, belongs to the D configuration. In aqueous solution, it mainly exists in the pyran configuration of oxygen-containing rings, and is an equilibrium mixture of α and β configurations. Under normal temperature conditions, crystals can be precipitated from a supersaturated aqueous solution in the form of α-D-glucose hydrate (containing 1 water molecule), with a melting point of 80°C; while crystals precipitated between 50 and 115°C are free. Water α-D-glucose, melting point 146°C. The stable form precipitated above 115℃ is β-D-glucose , with a melting point of 148~150℃. The furan ring form of glucose only exists in a bound state in a few natural compounds.     D-glucose has the chemical properties of general aldose : under the action of oxidants, it generates gluconic acid, glucaric acid or glucuronic acid ; under the action of reducing agents, it generates sorbitol; under the action of weak bases, glucose can react with the other two Six-carbon sugars with similar structures – fructose and mannose – are converted into each other through the enol form. Glucose can also combine with phenylhydrazine to form glucoside, which is different from other glucosides in terms of crystal shape and melting point and can be used as a means to identify glucose.     Most organisms have enzyme systems that break down D-glucose for energy. In living cells, such as mammalian muscle cells or single-cell yeast cells, glucose successively passes through the aerobic glycolysis pathway, the aerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the biological oxidation process to generate carbon dioxide and water, releasing relatively large amounts of carbon dioxide and water. A large amount of energy is stored in the form of ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) for growth, movement and other life activities. In the absence of oxygen, glucose is only decomposed into lactic acid or ethanol, releasing much less energy. Brewing is an anaerobic decomposition process. Industrially, glucose obtained by hydrolyzing starch with acid or enzyme can be used as raw material for food, wine, pharmaceutical and other industrial production.     Application areas   (1) Fermentation industry   The growth of microorganisms requires a suitable carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Glucose, as the carbon source of microorganisms, is the main ingredient of fermentation culture media . Antibiotics, monosodium glutamate, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, enzyme preparations, etc. all require large amounts of glucose. Glucose can also be used. As a raw material for microbial polysaccharides and organic solvents.   (2) Food industry     At present, crystallized glucose is mainly used in the food industry. With the improvement of living standards and the continuous development of science and technology in the food industry, glucose is increasingly used in the food industry. The food industry will still be the largest market for a long time to come.      (3) Chemical industry      Glucose is also widely used in industry. It is used as a reducing agent in the printing, dyeing and tanning industry. Glucose is also commonly used as a reducing agent in the mirror-making industry, thermos bottle silver plating, glass fiber silver plating and other chemical silver plating industries.     Application of glucose in the manufacture of chrome tanning agents in the tanning industry: Chromium tanning agents are the best tanning agents for manufacturing light leather (shoe upper leather, clothing leather) . Chromium salts have been used to make leather for 100 years. The leather produced has the characteristics of high shrinkage temperature, good elasticity, resistance to flexing, washing resistance, solidity and durability. The chromium tanning agent is mainly basic chromium sulfate (basic chromium chloride can also be used, but its tanning agent effect is worse than chromium sulfate). The manufacturing method is to use glucose or sulfur dioxide as a reducing agent to reduce dichromate into basic chromium sulfate in a sulfuric acid solution to make a chromium tanning liquid. After the tanning liquid is concentrated and dried, a powdery chromium tanning agent can be obtained. .     (4) Synthesis and transformation     Glucose can be synthesized or converted into other products through hydrogenation, oxidation, isomerization, alkaline degradation, esterification, acetalization, etc. Such as hydrogenation to produce sorbitol; oxidation to produce glucuronic acid, diacid, etc., and can be further produced into calcium acid, sodium acid, zinc acid and gluconodelta lactone; isomerization into F42, F55, F90 fructose syrup and crystallization Fructose; it can also be isomerized into mannose (raw material for the production of mannitol), of which sorbitol can further generate vitamin C , which is widely used in clinical treatment, and 15% mannitol is clinically used as a safe and effective way to reduce intracranial pressure medications to treat cerebral edema and glaucoma.   

Baking powder is a compound additive mainly used in the production of flour products and puffed foods. Baking powder contains a variety of substances, the main components of which are sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid. Usually a compound of carbonate and solid acid. When carbonates come into contact with water and acids, they break down into a variety of substances. During this process, a high is released, but no flavor is produced. Therefore, the taste of the product is inconvenient.     Fermentation   There are generally three fermentation methods for making fermented dough: old yeast, fresh yeast, and baking powder. Fresh yeast and baking powder are commonly used in households. Pay careful attention to the aluminum content in baking powder. Aluminum content in food exceeding national standards can cause harm to the human body.   Yeast and baking powder both have the function of fermentation, but they are essentially different.   Yeast is a pure biological leavening agent, an active microorganism, which will not cause any harm to the human body; while chemical baking powder is a chemical leavening agent, generally referring to baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), stink powder (ammonium bicarbonate), alum ( Potassium aluminum sulfate or potassium aluminum sulfate, SAS), baking powder (baking powder) and other substances.   Classification   chemical leavening agent   baking powder   1. Baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ,): Under the action of acidic substances contained in food , baking soda can be decomposed into sodium ions , water and carbon dioxide gas, the latter of which can fluff food. However, the reaction of baking soda to release gas requires the presence of acidic substances and is completed in a very short time. The initiation of the reaction is difficult to control. If the dosage is too large, it will produce a bitter or astringent taste . For these reasons, baking soda is rarely used as a leavening agent alone, and is generally used as one of the components of a compound leavening agent.   2. Stinky powder ( ammonium bicarbonate ): Stinky powder is generally used when a large amount of gas needs to be generated quickly. Stinky powder will decompose into water, ammonia and carbon dioxide gas when heated or under acidic conditions . Due to the rapid release, very little ammonia gas remains in the finished product, and there will be no ammonia smell in the finished product. Since stink powder easily decomposes and releases ammonia gas (this is where the name of stink powder comes from) and loses its effect, it is difficult to store and is generally rarely used in households. Stinky powder is used when baking peach cakes or certain biscuits.   3. Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate or potassium aluminum sulfate, SAS): Commonly used alum is actually an acidic mixture, which releases gas when it interacts with food’s inherent or added ingredients such as baking soda, which has a fluffy effect. It is generally also an acid component used as a compound fluffing agent. The characteristic is that it can react quickly at high temperatures . A common example is for frying fried dough sticks   baking powde   1. Baking powder: It is a compound leavening agent, and there are many different types. Generally, solid alkali and acid powders are mixed . They do not contact or react under dry conditions. Once they come into contact with water, they will dissolve and contact, and the reaction will release gas. Solid alkali powder is commonly used in baking soda, and solid acid powder includes tartar ( tartar) and phosphate (phosphate, such as calcium phosphate and sodium pyrophosphate ). Their reaction speeds are very fast; in addition, alum (SAS) is used. ) as a solid acid, the reaction rate is much slower, but very fast at high temperatures. Alum is commonly found in Double-acting (DA) baking powders. Double effect means that after mixing water and flour, baking soda first reacts with a fast solid acid (such as cream of tartar) to release the first batch of gas. At this time, alum and baking soda basically do not react, but when heated, alum When heated with baking soda, a second batch of gas is released, which is called double-acting. Commonly seen on the market is double active baking powder. Some self-raising flours also have baking powder already mixed into them and need to be baked quickly after adding water. Because baking powder is easy to store and easy to control, it has become the most commonly used leavening agent and is used in most Western-style pastries.   2. Dangers of chemical leavening agents :   Since the reaction products of baking soda and stink powder ( carbon dioxide , ammonia) are also products of human metabolism, as long as they are not used excessively, they will not cause obvious health problems , but they will destroy certain nutrients in food such as vitamins. And both alum and baking powder contain aluminum. Many international reports have pointed out that aluminum is closely related to Alzheimer’s disease . It also reduces memory, suppresses immune function , and hinders nerve conduction . Moreover, aluminum is excreted very slowly from the human body. The amount of alum and baking powder in food should be strictly controlled. Use and try to eat less aluminum-containing foods.   biological leavening agent   Yeast is a unicellular facultative anaerobic eukaryotic microorganism. After being added to the dough, it can produce carbon dioxide gas through its own metabolism to achieve the purpose of fluffiness. This process is often called fermentation. In the past, old noodles were often fermented, mainly relying on wild yeast and some miscellaneous bacteria. Dough usually contains organic acids, which give it a sour taste. Baking soda needs to be added to neutralize the sour taste. Bacterial metabolites and added baking soda may introduce harmful ingredients or destroy nutrients.   The active yeast commonly used in modern times has high purity and rarely produces acidic substances. At the same time, yeast itself is composed of protein and carbohydrates, and is rich in B vitamins and other trace elements such as calcium and iron, and is rich in nutrients. value. Yeast acts as a leavening agent for pasta and requires sufficient time and temperature to produce carbon dioxide.   Obviously, yeast is a beneficial biological leavening agent that has no negative impact on the human body and can provide nutrients and vitamins that humans need but lack. is the most ideal fermentation method. It is essentially different from chemical baking powder. Simply put, yeast is not chemical baking powder!

Sodium hydroxide, commonly known as caustic soda, caustic soda, is a strong alkali with strong corrosiveness. It is generally in the form of flakes or blocks. It is easily soluble in water (releases heat when dissolved in water) and forms an alkaline solution. It is also deliquescent and easily absorbs water vapor (deliquesce) and carbon dioxide (deterioration) in the air. Hydrochloric acid can be added to check whether it is deteriorated. Sodium hydroxide can be widely used in the following production processes: container cleaning process; starch processing process; carboxymethyl cellulose preparation process; sodium glutamate manufacturing process. Reaction with organic matter Sodium hydroxide can hydrolyze halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, and acyl halides. Its alcohol solution can be used to eliminate halogenated hydrocarbons. Sodium hydroxide is a base that provides hydroxide ions and can catalyze the aldol condensation reaction. First, the hydroxide ion will deprotonate the aldehyde or ketone to form an enolate anion and water, which will attack the other neutral aldehyde or ketone to form an aldol adduct anion. The adduct will then be protonated, removing the proton from the water generated in the first step, and after the final aldol product is generated, the hydroxide ion (catalyst) will also be regenerated at the same time. Industrial production method Sodium hydroxide is a byproduct of the industrial chlorine production process. In industry, chlorine is mass-produced by electrolyzing large amounts of saturated salt water. However, when chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine gas and escape, only sodium hydroxide remains in the solution. The reaction equation is as follows: 2NaCl + 2H_2O -> 2NaOH + Cl_2 ^ + H_2 ^ Sodium Hydroxide Safety Sodium hydroxide solid or solution can burn the skin, and can cause permanent damage (such as scars) to those without protective measures. If sodium hydroxide comes into direct contact with the eyes, it can even cause blindness in severe cases. Personal protective measures, such as rubber gloves, protective clothing and goggles, can greatly reduce the dangers of contact with sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water (such as dilution) or reacts with acid, which will release a lot of heat, which may cause burns or ignite flammable materials (such as organic solvents). In addition, sodium hydroxide can corrode some metals (such as aluminum) to produce flammable hydrogen, and can also slightly corrode glass products. The material of the container for storing sodium hydroxide should be carefully selected. Sodium hydroxide test method Some of the reagents used in the test methods of this standard are toxic or corrosive, so be careful when handling them. If they splash on the skin, rinse with water immediately, and seek medical treatment immediately in severe cases. When using highly toxic substances, they should be managed in strict accordance with relevant regulations, and inhalation or skin contact should be avoided during use. If necessary, they should be used in a fume hood. 1. Identification test Alkaline identification: The aqueous solution of this product can dissociate OH-, showing a strong alkaline reaction. Identification of sodium ions: Use a clean glass rod with a platinum wire on the top, moisten the platinum wire with hydrochloric acid, and burn it on the flame until it becomes colorless. Dip the sample and burn it in a colorless flame, and the flame will turn bright yellow. 2. Determination of total alkali content and sodium carbonate Determination of total alkali content (in terms of NaOH): The sample solution is titrated to the endpoint with bromocresol green-methyl red as the indicator solution and hydrochloric acid standard titration solution. The total alkali content is determined based on the consumption of the hydrochloric acid standard titration solution. Determination of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3): Barium chloride is added to the sample solution, and the sodium carbonate is converted into barium carbonate precipitation. The sodium hydroxide in the solution is titrated to the endpoint with phenolphthalein as the indicator solution and hydrochloric acid standard titration solution. The content of sodium hydroxide is measured. The content of sodium carbonate can be obtained by subtracting the sodium hydroxide content from the total alkali content. Preparation of test solution: Use a weighing bottle of known mass to quickly weigh 38g±1g of solid sodium hydroxide or 50g±1g of liquid sodium hydroxide, accurate to 0.01g, put it into a 400mL polyethylene beaker, and dissolve it with water. After cooling to room temperature, transfer to a 1000mL volumetric flask with a plastic stopper, add water to dilute to the mark, shake well, and place the solution in a clean and dry polyethylene plastic bottle. This is test solution A. Determination: Use a pipette to transfer 50mL of test solution A, inject it into a 250mL conical flask, add 2~3 drops of bromocresol green-methyl red indicator solution, and titrate with a standard hydrochloric acid solution under stirring with a magnetic stirrer until the solution changes from green to dark red, boil for 2 minutes, and continue to titrate until the solution turns dark red again after cooling. Use a pipette to transfer another 50mL of test solution A, inject it into a 250mL conical flask, add 20mL of barium chloride solution, and then add 2~3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution. Under stirring with a magnetic stirrer, titrate with a standard hydrochloric acid solution under sealing until the solution turns pink as the end point. 3. Determination of insoluble matter and organic impurities Weigh 5.00g±0.01g solid sodium hydroxide and dissolve it in 100mL water. The solution should be completely clear, colorless or slightly colored. 4. Determination of Hg Preparation of test solution: weigh 2.00g±0.01g solid sodium hydroxide or a liquid sample equivalent to 2.00g±0.01g solid sodium hydroxide, place it in a 100mL beaker, dissolve it in 20mL water, add 10mL sulfuric acid solution, add 0.5mL potassium permanganate solution, cover the beaker with a watch glass, boil for a few seconds, and then cool. Preparation of blank test solution: except that no sample is added, it is treated in the same way as the test solution.