Gloves are hand warmth or labor protection products , and they are also used for decoration. Gloves are a very special thing. They were not originally created for practicality. Only in modern times have they become essential for thermal insulation in cold areas , or as medical antibacterial and industrial protective equipment . Gloves are divided into sewing, knitting, dipping, etc. according to the production method. But in addition to gloves in the traditional sense, today’s gloves have a deeper meaning, which is completely different from traditional gloves. This is due to the rise of online games, which has led to the emergence of overwhelming names of game equipment . Due to the large number of game players, especially compared to traditional industries, more information on gloves on the Internet is related to online game equipment. Gloves were the earliest Originated in ancient Greece .     Classification   Classification by production method   Gloves are divided into sewing , knitting, dipping, etc. according to the production method . Gloves are cut and sewn from a variety of leather, rubber, knitted or woven fabrics . Knitted gloves are made of pure or blended yarns of various textile fibers . They are knitted on a glove machine and undergo sewing processing, such as clamping , ruffing, sewing fingertips and finger forks, etc., and then go through brushing or shrinking and heat setting. Finished products. The structures of knitted gloves include plain stitch , rib, tuck , leno , etc., and the styles include plain color and yarn-dyed jacquard . Labor protection gloves are required to be relatively thick, and some are surface-coated to improve wear resistance, anti-skid, and waterproof properties. Decorative gloves need to be beautiful, and most of them undergo artistic processing such as embroidery and beading. Classification by material Gloves are divided into cotton , plush, leather, microfiber , cloth, rubber, etc. according to their materials.   Classification by finger shape   According to the shape of the fingers, they are: Split-finger gloves : Each has 5 separate long pocketed fingers; Mittens: Mengzi from Northeast China, with the thumbs separated and the remaining four fingers connected together. Three-finger gloves: The thumb and index finger are separated, and the remaining three fingers are connected together. Straight gloves: 5 fingers connected together. Half-finger gloves: each finger part is not closed, only the first section is covered. Fingerless gloves: no finger part, opening at the heel. The fewer fingers that are separated, the better the insulation effect on the fingers, but at the same time it limits the movement of the hand. In addition to decoration on half-finger and fingerless gloves, fingerless gloves also offer increased finger flexibility.   Material   Glove materials for mechanical injuries   1.(1) Metal wire – common stainless steel wire, but also chromium alloy wire, mainly used to make cut-resistant gloves. This type of material has the strongest cut resistance and is easy to clean, but it is heavy and inconvenient to use. 2.(2) Kevlar, Spectra and other synthetic yarns – are also better cut-resistant synthetic fiber materials. Although the cut-resistant ability is not as good as that of metal wires, they are lightweight and comfortable to use. And after improvement and processing, some products can also achieve cut-resistant products. The highest level of standards. 3.(3) Nitrile (with fabric lining) – has anti-wear and puncture resistance, flexible and comfortable to use. 4.(4) Natural latex (with fabric lining) – has good elasticity, is particularly flexible, and has certain resistance to wear, tear and cut. 5.(5) PVC (with fabric lining) – can provide a certain degree of wear and puncture protection. If the material is thicker, it can also have a certain degree of cut resistance, but not tear resistance. 6.(6) Leather – a natural material that has unique properties through various tanning treatments. Leather can be divided into: cowhide, which has the advantages of being comfortable, durable, breathable and wear-resistant. After chrome treatment, it is more durable and can resist high temperatures; pigskin , which has large pores, has the best breathability and can still maintain good quality after being washed. The softness without becoming hard; sheepskin is the most comfortable, most durable and has the best wear resistance, but because it is too expensive, it is generally only used in industries with higher requirements for touch.   High temperature resistant material   (1) Novoloid – a new type of high-tech synthetic fiber that does not melt, resists flames, and is resistant to high temperatures. It can withstand high temperatures up to 1100°C. It is soft and comfortable, and can resist the erosion of many chemical substances . It will not be affected even after repeated washing. Its high temperature resistance. (2) Kevlar – is a widely used aromatic synthetic fiber that is not only resistant to cuts, but also resistant to high temperature damage. (3) Aluminum-plated material – can resist radiant heat at higher temperatures . (4) Leather – if kept dry, it has good low temperature resistance . At the same time, its non-melting and non-burning characteristics make it often used to make welding gloves . (5) Cotton – is also a natural material that can properly protect against high and low temperatures. However, due to the need to meet protective requirements , the gloves are made thicker and not flexible enough.   Anti-electrical damage material   Usually electrical insulating gloves are made of pure natural latex . Latex is divided into dry glue and wet glue. Insulating gloves made of wet glue have a long processing cycle and high production costs , but the product has particularly good elasticity and is very flexible to use. In addition, due to the particularity of live work and the characteristics of electrically insulating gloves themselves, when wearing this type of gloves, you must first put on pure cotton gloves (sweat-absorbent, anti-slip), then put on latex gloves , and finally put on leather protection Gloves to prevent insulating gloves from being punctured by sharp objects. Glove Materials Resistant to Electrical Injury Electrically insulating gloves are specially designed and rigorously tested to ensure safety.   Material of chemical resistant gloves   Chemical -resistant gloves are made of a wide variety of chemicals with different properties. Special attention should be paid to selecting chemical-resistant gloves.   Natural latex – Generally speaking, natural latex has a good protective effect against aqueous solutions, such as acid and alkali aqueous solutions. Its advantages are comfort, good elasticity and flexible use.   Chlorosulfonated polyethylene – has protective properties against most chemicals, can protect against alkalis, oils, fuels and many solvents, and has good resistance to high and low temperatures, wear resistance, bending resistance, etc.   Anti-vibration gloves are usually made of three-layer structure gloves. The inner and outer layers are made of leather or soft and comfortable synthetic fiber, and the middle layer is made of silicone or other polymers that can effectively absorb vibration . Precautions in Glove Selection and Use Whether the gloves are selected appropriately and used correctly are directly related to the health of the hands.   Glove function selection   The wire gloves imported from the United States are made of stainless steel rings. Each steel ring is welded. They are fine in workmanship, comfortable to wear, strong and durable, and have good protective performance. It is widely used in: clothing cutting , floor segmentation, meat processing, bone saw operation, leather cutting, etc. The main industries include: slaughtering, meat processing, clothing factories , furniture factories, steel factories, supermarkets, etc.   Generally speaking, protection during tool opening in locations where power tools are used for cutting.   Materials and performance of anti-static gloves   Made of special anti-static polyester cloth , the base material is composed of polyester and conductive fibers . The distance between conductive fibers is 4mm. The gloves have good elasticity and anti-static properties to avoid damage to products caused by static electricity generated by the human body. It is suitable for use in the electronics industry, semiconductor , dust-free workshops and widely used in daily life. It is used in anti-static, purified and dust-free workshop environments that require the use of gloves. Wearing anti-static gloves can prevent the operator’s fingers from directly contacting electrostatic- sensitive components , and can safely discharge the electrostatic charge on the human body carried by the operator . It is necessary for workers in the semiconductor industry, optoelectronics industry, semiconductor manufacturing industry, electronic picture tube manufacturing industry, computer motherboard manufacturing enterprises, mobile phone manufacturing factories, etc. to wear it when working. Mainly used in anti-static environments that require the use of gloves, such as electronics, instrumentation and other industries.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein (acute protein) that rises sharply in the plasma when the body is infected or tissue damaged. It activates complement and strengthens the phagocytosis of phagocytes to play a regulatory role in clearing the invading body. Pathogenic microorganisms and damaged, necrotic, and apoptotic tissue cells.     definition   C-reactive protein (CRP) refers to some proteins (acute proteins) that rise sharply in the plasma when the body is infected or tissue damaged. CRP can activate complement and strengthen phagocytosis by phagocytes to play a regulatory role, thereby eliminating pathogenic microorganisms that invade the body and damaged, necrotic, and apoptotic tissue cells , and plays an important protective role in the body’s natural immune process.   characteristic   CRP is not only a non-specific inflammatory marker, but also directly involved incardiovascular diseases such as inflammation and atherosclerosis , and is the most powerful predictor and risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The interaction between CRP and complement C1q and FcTR enables it to exhibit many biological activities, including host defense response to infection, phagocytosis and regulation of inflammatory response, etc. The combination with damaged cells, apoptotic cells and nuclear antigens also plays an important role in autoimmune diseases.   normal value   Which detection method is used depends on the conditions of each laboratory and the requirements for sensitivity and specificity. Immunodiffusion, radioimmunoassay, turbidimetry, and enzyme-labeled immunoassay methods all have practical value.   Normal value: 800-8000μg/L (immunodiffusion or turbidity method) .   Nursing precautions   1. Do not eat greasy or high-protein foods the day before blood drawing , and avoid drinking a lot of alcohol. The ethanol content in the blood will directly affect the test results.   2. After 20:00 on the day before blood collection, you should fast for 12 hours to avoid affecting the test results.   3. When collecting urine specimens for examination, clean the vulva before collecting urine. The container used should be clean and free of contamination. Chemical substances such as detergents, disinfectants, and preservatives should not be mixed to avoid affecting the examination results.   4. Women should prevent leucorrhea from being mixed into urine. Pay attention to expelling part of the urine first, and then collect the specimen, that is, collect the mid-section urine.   5. Urine should be sent for testing immediately after retention to avoid erroneous test results caused by urine retention.   Related diseases   Malignant myxoma of the left atrium , mucocutaneous lymphaden syndrome, Takayasu arteritis, microscopic polyangiitis , nonspecific systemic necrotizing small vessel vasculitis , pediatric Historian-Johanne syndrome , pediatric Takayasu arteritis  , adult still’s disease, rheumatic fever, pediatric pneumonia   clinical significance   Clinical significance of CRP measurement:   (1) The levels of acute inflammation, tissue damage, myocardial infarction , surgical trauma, radiation damage and other diseases increase rapidly within hours after the onset, and tend to increase exponentially. When the disease improves, it quickly drops to normal, and its increase is positively correlated with the degree of infection. The patient’s CRP increases after surgery, and the CRP level should decrease 7 to 10 days after surgery. If CRP does not decrease or increases again, it indicates possible complications such as infection or thromboembolism.   (2) CRP is closely related to other inflammatory factors, such as the total number of white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. There is a positive correlation with WBC. Plays an active role in the inflammatory response and gives the body non-specific resistance. When a patient’s disease attacks, it can rise earlier than WBC and return to normal quickly, so it has extremely high sensitivity.   (3) Help identify types of respiratory infections. CRP can be used for the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections: During bacterial infection, CRP levels increase; while during viral infections, CRP does not increase or is slightly increased. Therefore, the CRP value can help doctors identify the type of respiratory tract infection and be targeted. of medication and treatment.   (4) CRP is elevated in patients with malignant tumors . For example, the joint detection of CRP and AFP can be used for the differential diagnosis of liver cancer and benign liver diseases, and can be used to judge the efficacy and prognosis of liver cancer. CRP increases before surgery and decreases after surgery, and its response is not affected by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and corticosteroid treatment, which is helpful to evaluate the progression of the tumor.   (5) Assess the severity of acute pancreatitis . When CRP is higher than 250 mg/L, it indicates extensive necrotizing pancreatitis.   (6) Using the ultra-sensitive latex enhanced method to measure CRP can improve the sensitivity of the measurement and can be used to predict the risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction .

Glucose, organic compound , molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6. It is the most widely distributed and important monosaccharide in nature . It is a polyhydroxyaldehyde. Pure glucose is a colorless crystal, sweet but not as sweet as sucrose . It is easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol , and insoluble in ether . The optical rotation of natural glucose aqueous solution is to the right, so it belongs to ” dextrose “.         Glucose plays an important role in the field of biology . It is the energy source and metabolic intermediate product of living cells , that is, the main energy supply substance of organisms. Plants produce glucose through photosynthesis . It is widely used in candy manufacturing and pharmaceutical fields.   A brief history of research   In 1747, the German chemist S. Marggraf was in Berlin Glucose was isolated for the first time and the process was published in “Chemical Experiments on the Extraction of Sucrose from Several Plants Originating in Germany” in 1749In the article, page 90 reads: “Moisten raisins with a small amount of water to soften them, and then squeeze the squeezed juice. After purification and concentration, a sugar is obtained. The sugar discovered by Magraf is glucose.   However, glucose was not named until 1838. Its English name glucose is derived from the French glucose . It was first created by French professor Eugène-Melchior Péligot (1811-1890). From the German word gleukos – unfermented sweet fruit wine , the prefix gluc- comes from the German glykys , which means sweet, and the suffix -ose indicates its chemical classification, indicating that it is a carbohydrate .     In the same year, Louis Jacques Thénard , Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac , Jean – BaptisteBiot and Jean -Jean Baptiste AndreDumas Four French scientists jointly published a review of Mr. Perigo’s collection of academic papers, titled “Research on Nature and the Chemistry of Sugars” Study,” on page 109, reads: “Those derived from grapes, starch, honey, and even substances that cause diabetes have the same composition and properties, naming this single substance glucose.     Due to the important position of glucose in living organisms, understanding its chemical composition and structure became an important topic in organic chemistry in the 19th century. In 1884, Emil Fischer began to study sugars . There were only four types of monosaccharides known at that time : two aldohexoses (glucose, galactose ) and twoketohexoses ( fructose , sorbose ). They have the same molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6 , Chemistry at the University of Munich H.iKhani preliminarily found that glucose and galactose are linear five-hydroxy aldehydes, and fructose and sorbose are linear five-hydroxy ketones .     Fisher discovered that glucose, fructose, and mannose formed the same vein as benzene, and therefore concluded that these three sugars had the same configuration below the second carbon atom. According to the stereoisomerismtheory of Van’tHoff andeLeBl, Fisher deduced that aldohexose has 16 possible configurations, using methods such as oxidation, reduction, degradation, and addition . , by 1891, he determined the configuration of all members of D-aldohexose. [4]In 1892, the German chemist Fischer determined the chain structure of glucose and its stereoisomers, and won the 1902Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his great achievements in stereochemistry .      In April 2022, Chinese scientists used electrocatalysis combined with biosynthesis to efficiently reduce carbon dioxide to synthesize high-concentration acetic acid, and further use microorganisms to synthesize glucose and oil. This achievement was jointly completed by the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Science and Technology of China. It was published as a cover article in the international academic journal “Nature Catalysis” on April 28, 2022.      On August 15, 2023, the famous academic journal ” Science Bulletin ” published the latest research results showing that Chinese scientists achieved precise total synthesis from carbon dioxide to sugar in the laboratory, taking a key step in artificially synthesizing sugar. The research results were completed by the scientific research team of Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, which took more than two years to complete. The team mixed high-concentration carbon dioxide and other raw materials in a certain proportion in the reaction solution, and under the action of chemical catalysts and enzyme catalysts, four kinds of hexoses were obtained:     glucose, psicose, tagatose, and mannose. Hexose is the collective name for sugars that are widely distributed in nature and are most closely related to the body’s nutritional metabolism.     Physical and chemical properties   Glucose is colorless crystal or white crystalline or granular powder; odorless, sweet, hygroscopic, and easily soluble in water.     ⒈Optical activity The specific optical rotation value of α-D-glucose at 20°C is +52.2°.     ⒉Solubility _ The maximum concentration of a single glucose solution is 50% at 20°C.     ⒊Sweetness _ The specific sweetness of α-D-glucose is 0.7.     ⒋Viscosity _ The viscosity of glucose increases with increasing temperature.     Density : 1.581g/cm 3     Melting point: 146ºC     Boiling point : 527.1ºC at 760 mmHg     Flash point : 286.7ºC     Refractive index :1.362     Storage conditions: 2-8ºC     chemical properties   It is the most widely distributed monosaccharide in nature. Glucose contains five hydroxyl groups and one aldehyde group , and has the properties of polyol and aldehyde .     It easily decomposes when heated under alkaline conditions. Should be kept airtight. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and is utilized by tissues after entering the human body. 1 mol of glucose releases 2870 kJ of energy after complete oxidation reaction in the human body. Part of this energy is converted into 30 or 32 mol of ATP. The rest of the energy is dissipated in the form of heat energy to maintain the body temperature. It can also be converted into glycogen or fat for storage through the liver or muscles. .   (1) The aldehyde group in the molecule has reducing properties and can react with silver ammonia solution and be oxidized into ammonium gluconate .   (2) The aldehyde group can also be reduced to hexanehexanol.     (3) There are multiple hydroxyl groups in the molecule, which can undergo esterification reactions with acids.     (4) Glucose undergoes oxidation reaction in the body and releases heat.   (5) Glucose can be produced by hydrolysis of starch under the catalysis of enzyme or sulfuric acid.     (6) Plant photosynthesis .   (7) Glucose reacts with newly prepared copper hydroxide .   (8) Glucose decomposes into water and carbon dioxide under certain conditions .     (9) Hydrolysis of maltose.   (10) Hydrolysis of starch and cellulose.    Preparation     1. The sugar aqueous solution obtained by partially hydrolyzing edible corn starch with food-grade acids and/or enzymes is purified and concentrated. Due to different degrees of hydrolysis, the amount of D-glucose contained can vary greatly. Those made from corn starch are called “corn syrup”.       2. Glucose can be obtained by hydrolyzing starch with hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid. It can also be made from starch as raw material under the action of starch glucoamylase.       Physiology and biochemistry   The central nervous systemrelies almost entirely on the supply of blood sugar as energy. Once blood sugar rises to 80 mg%, diabetes may occur.     Industrially, glucose is produced by hydrolysis of starch. In the 1960s, microbial enzymatic methods were used to produce glucose. This is a major innovation and has obvious advantages over acid hydrolysis. In production, the raw materials do not need to be refined, and there is no need for acid-resistant or pressure-resistant equipment. Moreover, the sugar liquid has no bitter taste and has a high sugar production rate.     Glucose is mainly used as an injectable nutritional agent ( glucose injection ) in medicine.     In the food industry, fructose can be produced from glucose after isomerase treatment, especially fructose syrup containing 42% fructose , which has the same sweetness as sucrose and has become an important product in the current sugar industry.     Glucose is an indispensable nutrient for metabolism in living organisms. The heat released by its oxidation reaction is an important source of energy required for human life activities. It can be used directly in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is used as a reducing agent in the printing, dyeing and tanning industry. Glucose is commonly used asa reducing agent in the mirror-making industry and the silver plating process of thermos bottles . In industry, a large amount of glucose is used as raw material to synthesize vitamin C (ascorbic acid).   metabolic function   Glucose is easily absorbed into the bloodstream, so it is often used by hospital personnel, sports enthusiasts, and everyday people as a powerful, quick energy boost.     Glucose enhances memory, stimulates calcium absorption and increases intercellular communication. But too much can raise insulin concentrations, leading to obesity and diabetes; too little can cause hypoglycemia or worse, insulin shock ( diabetic coma ). Glucose is important for brain function, and glucose metabolism can be disrupted by: depression, bipolar disorder, anorexia, and bulimia. Alzheimer’s disease patients record lower glucose concentrations than other brain abnormalities, leading to strokes or other vascular diseases. Researchers found that supplementing the diet with 75 grams of glucose increased memory test scores.      Glucose is absorbed into liver cells, reducing glycogen secretion, causing muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake. Excess blood glucose is converted into fatty acids and triglycerides in the liver and fatty tissue.   Indications    Glucose is widely used clinically to provide water and calories for patients with high fever, dehydration, coma or inability to eat. When a large amount of body fluid is lost in the body, such as vomiting, diarrhea, massive blood loss, etc., 5% to 10% glucose and physiological saline can be infused intravenously to supplement water, salt and sugar, and can be used for patients with hypoglycemia and drug poisoning. Intravenous infusion of 25% to 50% hypertonic solution can cause tissue dehydration and temporary diuresis due to its high osmotic effect. It can be used alternately with mannitol to treat cerebral edema, pulmonary edema and reduce intraocular pressure. Hypoglycemia is treated with intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose. Combined with insulin, it can promote the transfer of potassium into cells and is also one of the treatment measures for hyperkalemia .   Decomposition pathway    Natural glucose, whether free or combined, belongs to the D configuration. In aqueous solution, it mainly exists in the pyran configuration of oxygen-containing rings, and is an equilibrium mixture of α and β configurations. Under normal temperature conditions, crystals can be precipitated from a supersaturated aqueous solution in the form of α-D-glucose hydrate (containing 1 water molecule), with a melting point of 80°C; while crystals precipitated between 50 and 115°C are free. Water α-D-glucose, melting point 146°C. The stable form precipitated above 115℃ is β-D-glucose , with a melting point of 148~150℃. The furan ring form of glucose only exists in a bound state in a few natural compounds.     D-glucose has the chemical properties of general aldose : under the action of oxidants, it generates gluconic acid, glucaric acid or glucuronic acid ; under the action of reducing agents, it generates sorbitol; under the action of weak bases, glucose can react with the other two Six-carbon sugars with similar structures – fructose and mannose – are converted into each other through the enol form. Glucose can also combine with phenylhydrazine to form glucoside, which is different from other glucosides in terms of crystal shape and melting point and can be used as a means to identify glucose.     Most organisms have enzyme systems that break down D-glucose for energy. In living cells, such as mammalian muscle cells or single-cell yeast cells, glucose successively passes through the aerobic glycolysis pathway, the aerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the biological oxidation process to generate carbon dioxide and water, releasing relatively large amounts of carbon dioxide and water. A large amount of energy is stored in the form of ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) for growth, movement and other life activities. In the absence of oxygen, glucose is only decomposed into lactic acid or ethanol, releasing much less energy. Brewing is an anaerobic decomposition process. Industrially, glucose obtained by hydrolyzing starch with acid or enzyme can be used as raw material for food, wine, pharmaceutical and other industrial production.     Application areas   (1) Fermentation industry   The growth of microorganisms requires a suitable carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Glucose, as the carbon source of microorganisms, is the main ingredient of fermentation culture media . Antibiotics, monosodium glutamate, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, enzyme preparations, etc. all require large amounts of glucose. Glucose can also be used. As a raw material for microbial polysaccharides and organic solvents.   (2) Food industry     At present, crystallized glucose is mainly used in the food industry. With the improvement of living standards and the continuous development of science and technology in the food industry, glucose is increasingly used in the food industry. The food industry will still be the largest market for a long time to come.      (3) Chemical industry      Glucose is also widely used in industry. It is used as a reducing agent in the printing, dyeing and tanning industry. Glucose is also commonly used as a reducing agent in the mirror-making industry, thermos bottle silver plating, glass fiber silver plating and other chemical silver plating industries.     Application of glucose in the manufacture of chrome tanning agents in the tanning industry: Chromium tanning agents are the best tanning agents for manufacturing light leather (shoe upper leather, clothing leather) . Chromium salts have been used to make leather for 100 years. The leather produced has the characteristics of high shrinkage temperature, good elasticity, resistance to flexing, washing resistance, solidity and durability. The chromium tanning agent is mainly basic chromium sulfate (basic chromium chloride can also be used, but its tanning agent effect is worse than chromium sulfate). The manufacturing method is to use glucose or sulfur dioxide as a reducing agent to reduce dichromate into basic chromium sulfate in a sulfuric acid solution to make a chromium tanning liquid. After the tanning liquid is concentrated and dried, a powdery chromium tanning agent can be obtained. .     (4) Synthesis and transformation     Glucose can be synthesized or converted into other products through hydrogenation, oxidation, isomerization, alkaline degradation, esterification, acetalization, etc. Such as hydrogenation to produce sorbitol; oxidation to produce glucuronic acid, diacid, etc., and can be further produced into calcium acid, sodium acid, zinc acid and gluconodelta lactone; isomerization into F42, F55, F90 fructose syrup and crystallization Fructose; it can also be isomerized into mannose (raw material for the production of mannitol), of which sorbitol can further generate vitamin C , which is widely used in clinical treatment, and 15% mannitol is clinically used as a safe and effective way to reduce intracranial pressure medications to treat cerebral edema and glaucoma.