Protein powder, using purified soy protein .   In healthy people, protein deficiency does not occur. Excessive protein intake is not only a waste, but also harmful to human health.     Introduction   Protein is the most important nutrient to ensure the health of the body . It is necessary to maintain and repair the body and cell growth . It not only affects the growth of body tissues such as muscles, but also participates in the production of hormones, the maintenance of immune function, and the use of other nutrients and oxygen. Transport, hemoglobin production, blood coagulation and many other aspects. General mental workers require 0.8-1.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight every day, while high-intensity athletes and bodybuilders require 2-3 times that amount. This is because high-intensity exercise will damage muscle cells to varying degrees. , causing the decomposition of muscle protein. Timely supplementation of protein can reduce the destruction of muscle tissue, promote protein synthesis, and even over-recovery, thereby growing muscles and improving strength. The traditional way of supplementing protein by eating meat often leads to the intake of too much fat, causing an increase in body fat and even affecting cardiovascular health.   Children in the growth and development period need a large amount of protein to meet the needs of physical development, and pregnant women need a large amount of protein to produce red blood cells and develop the fetus. However, the traditional supplement method of eating big fish and meat often makes many women still lose weight after giving birth. It cannot be reduced because while they are supplementing protein, they are also supplementing a lot of fat. Patients after surgery and recovering from serious illness also need a large amount of protein to promote recovery and improve immunity.   use   Protein powder is a nutritional food supplement targeted at specific groups of people. As an amino acid supplement, protein powder can provide essential nutrients due to protein deficiency for young children, the elderly, sports people, pre- and post-operative patients and people losing weight.   In addition, people with poor appetite or poor digestion, as well as people who are on a diet to lose weight, and vegetarians may not have enough protein intake. This will not only cause developmental delays in children and affect the body’s water metabolism, but may also lead to low immune function and poor sleep. and anemia and other diseases. In these cases, a high-quality protein powder makes a good supplement.   nutritional value   Participate in the composition of the body and the metabolism of the body   Protein is an important type of nutrient. Its existence is closely related to various activities of life. For example, it participates in the composition and metabolism of the body, participates in the composition and metabolism of genetic information, and also provides heat for the body.   The extent to which they can be digested, absorbed and utilized by the human body is also different.   There are extremely many types of proteins. Proteins from different food sources can be digested, absorbed and utilized by the human body to different extents. In other words, different types of proteins have different nutritional values. The main factor that determines the nutritional value of proteins is protein. Types and contents of essential amino acids . The amino acid score (AAS) is a commonly used indicator to evaluate the types and contents of essential amino acids in proteins .   Healthy people do not need to consume protein powder   The “Reference Intake of Dietary Nutrients for Chinese Residents” recommends that the daily protein intake per adult is 65 to 90 grams, or 10% to 12% of total energy to meet metabolic needs. In addition, protein intake varies depending on a person’s age, weight and labor intensity. Children and adolescents during the growth and development period, as well as pregnant or lactating women, generally have higher protein requirements.   The main function   1. Supplementary nutritional sources   Protein is the main source of nitrogen in the human body . It can not only provide part of the energy consumed, but can also be used to synthesize new tissues. Protein in the adult body accounts for about 17% of body weight, and 3% of protein participates in metabolic renewal every day. Infants , young children, teenagers, pregnant women, and lactating women must not only maintain tissue protein renewal, but also synthesize new tissues. When there is insufficient protein in the body, people’s basic life activities will be affected, which can lead to growth retardation, underweight, and mental retardation in children and adolescents; in adults, fatigue, weight loss, anemia , reduced plasma albumin , and even edema; And can cause menstrual disorders in women. Consuming protein powder can effectively prevent or improve these symptoms.   2. Prevent disease   Heart disease is the number one cause of death in Western developed countries. High plasma cholesterol levels are a major cause of heart disease. Animal fat in the diet can increase plasma cholesterol levels and is an important factor in arteriosclerosis and heart disease. Excess saturated fatty acids , cholesterol , and blood cholesterol are directly related to heart disease. Reducing plasma cholesterol also reduces the risk of heart disease. In 1982, scientists from many countries conducted comparative experiments in Italy and Switzerland on patients with high cholesterol using soy protein to replace animal protein. The results showed that consuming 50 grams of soy protein per day reduced their total plasma cholesterol by 20%. This study proved that soy protein It can reduce the adverse effects of blood lipids and cholesterol on the heart in patients with high cholesterol. In the United States, doctors recommend that heart patients eat soy protein before taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Because soy protein is neither a drug (no toxic side effects) and cheap, it can effectively prevent heart disease without any side effects.   3. Reduce the burden on the kidneys   Kidney disease is a common long-term complication of diabetes , with more than 20% of diabetic patients suffering from impaired kidney function . Ingesting animal protein will increase the burden on the kidneys, leading to aggravation of the condition. Soy protein can prevent and reduce the damage of animal protein to the kidneys by lowering plasma cholesterol levels. Through observation of the dietary treatment of patients with kidney disease, it is found that replacing animal protein with soy protein has the best effect, and patients with kidney disease are also willing to accept foods containing soy protein.   For people   For special people in need, in addition to supplementing essential amino acids through food, protein powder can be appropriately selected as a protein supplement, but the amount of protein powder must be paid attention to. After protein is digested and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, it needs to be processed by the liver and converted into the body’s own substances for use by the body.   At the same time, nitrogen-containing substances such as ammonia, urea , and creatinine , the products of protein metabolism in the body, need to be excreted by the kidneys. If a person eats too much protein, it will increase the burden on the liver and kidneys and have adverse effects on the human body. Therefore, more protein is not always better .   Use with caution   1. Patients with liver disease should use with caution   Due to obstacles in the liver’s processing and utilization of protein, protein intake should be appropriately increased. However, for patients with hepatic coma and advanced cirrhosis, supplying too much protein will increase the burden on the liver and aggravate the condition, so animal protein should be limited . And because its metabolism in the body will produce more ammonia, which can induce or aggravate hepatic coma, so these patients can choose some plant proteins rich in branched chain amino acids , especially soy protein . Because branched-chain amino acids are mainly metabolized in muscles, they have a protective effect on liver function.   2. Children under three years old should not eat it   Newborns should not consume protein powder. The best nutrition for babies is breast milk. If the child cannot eat breast milk due to various reasons, he should choose formula milk powder corresponding to the month or age instead of protein powder, because the protein composition of the latter is not suitable for young children and is not conducive to the child’s digestion and absorption. It is likely to cause vomiting, diarrhea or allergies in the future.   3. Gout patients should choose carefully   Consume protein powder with soy protein as the main ingredient. Because the purine in soybeans can cause an increase in uric acid in the body, causing or exacerbating gout. However, some brands of soy protein powder have undergone special processing to reduce the purine content. 4. Special patients should seek medical advice before consumption. The protein contained in protein powder is of high quality. It is decomposed by the liver in the body and then synthesized into the body’s own tissue components. Its metabolites are excreted in the urine through the kidneys. Patients with existing liver, kidney disease and other serious diseases may increase the burden on their organs after taking protein powder. Therefore, before taking protein powder, you should seek the advice of your doctor before deciding whether to consume it. If you want to increase your protein powder consumption, you should also listen to your doctor’s advice.

Calcium powder, commonly known as limestone and stone powder , is mainly composed of calcium carbonate , which is weakly alkaline , difficult to dissolve in water, and soluble in acid.   Calcium powder distribution   It is a common substance on the earth and is found in rocks such as aragonite , calcite , chalk, limestone, marble, and travertine. It is also the main component of animal bones or shells.   Calcium powder classification   Calcium powder can be divided into: heavy calcium powder, light calcium powder , active calcium powder , flue gas desulfurization calcium powder, ultrafine calcium carbonate , etc.   Heavy calcium powder   The shape of heavy calcium carbonate is irregular, its particle size varies greatly, and the particles have certain edges and corners, the surface is rough, the particle size distribution is wide, the particle size is large, and the average particle size is generally 1~10 μm . Heavy calcium carbonate is divided into: coarsely ground calcium carbonate (above 3μm), finely ground calcium carbonate (1~3μm), and ultrafine calcium carbonate (0.5~1μm) according to its original average particle size (d). The powder characteristics of heavy calcium carbonate are: (1) irregular particle shape ; (2) wide particle size distribution; (3) large particle size.   Calcium carbonate has been widely used in papermaking , plastics, plastic films , chemical fibers , rubber , adhesives, sealants , daily chemicals, cosmetics, building materials, coatings, paints, inks, putties, sealing wax , putty , felt packaging, medicine, and food. (such as chewing gum , chocolate ) and feed, its functions are: increasing product volume, reducing costs , improving processing properties (such as adjusting viscosity, rheological properties, vulcanization properties), improving dimensional stability , reinforcing or semi-reinforcing, improving Printing performance, improve physical properties (such as heat resistance , matting, abrasion resistance , flame retardancy , whiteness, gloss ), etc.   Light calcium powder   Widely used in papermaking, plastics, plastic films, chemical fibers, rubber, adhesives, sealants, daily chemicals, cosmetics, building materials, coatings, paints, inks, putties, sealing wax, putty, felt packaging, medicine, food (such as chewing gum) , chocolate) and feed, its functions include: increasing product volume, reducing costs, improving processing properties (such as adjusting viscosity, rheological properties, vulcanization properties), improving dimensional stability, reinforcing or semi-reinforcing, improving printing performance, Improve physical properties (such as heat resistance, matting, abrasion resistance, flame retardancy, whiteness, gloss), etc.   Active calcium powder   Calcium supplements. It can promote the calcification of bone marrow and teeth, maintain the normal excitability of nerves and muscles , and reduce capillary permeability. Used to prevent and treat chronic diseases caused by calcium deficiency.   The main purpose   1. Calcium powder for rubber industry   Rubber – Calcium powder for rubber: 400 mesh, whiteness: 93%, calcium content: 96%, calcium powder is one of the largest fillers used in the rubber industry . Calcium powder is filled in large amounts in rubber, which can increase the volume of its products and save expensive natural rubber , thus greatly reducing costs. Calcium powder is filled into rubber to obtain higher tensile strength , tear strength and wear resistance than pure rubber vulcanization .   2. Value of calcium powder used in plastics industry   Calcium powder 400 mesh is used for plastic masterbatch and color masterbatch . It is required that the whiteness remains unchanged after high temperature heating. The ore structure is large crystalline calcite. Calcium powder content: 99%, whiteness: 95%. Calcium powder can play a role in plastic products. It is a kind of skeleton that plays a great role in the dimensional stability of plastic products. It can also increase the hardness of the products and improve the surface gloss and surface smoothness of the products. Since the whiteness of calcium carbonate is above 90, it can also replace expensive white pigments.   3. Calcium powder for paint industry   Calcium powder for paints and latex paints is 800 mesh or 1000 mesh, whiteness: 95%, calcium carbonate: 96%. The amount of calcium powder used in the paint industry is also large, for example, the amount used in thick paint is more than 30%.   4. Calcium powder for water-based coating industry   Calcium powder for water-based coatings is 800 mesh or 1000 mesh, whiteness: 95%, calcium powder: 96%. Calcium powder is more widely used in the water-based coating industry. It can make the coating non-settling, easy to disperse, good gloss and other characteristics. The dosage of water-based paint is 20-60%.   5. Calcium powder for papermaking industry   Heavy calcium powder for papermaking 325 mesh, whiteness requirement: 95%, calcium powder content: 98%, calcium powder plays an important role in the papermaking industry , it can ensure the strength and whiteness of the paper, and the cost is low.   6. Dry mortar , concrete and calcium powder for construction industry   The dry mortar uses calcium powder 325 mesh, whiteness requirement: 95%, calcium powder content: 98%, calcium powder plays an important role in concrete in the construction industry. Not only can it reduce production costs , but it can also increase the toughness and strength of the product.   7. Calcium powder for fireproof ceiling industry   Calcium powder for fireproof ceilings is 600 mesh, whiteness requirement: 95%, calcium powder content: 98.5%. Calcium powder is needed in the production process of fireproof ceilings . It can improve the whiteness and brightness of the product, and the fireproof performance will also be increased.   8. Calcium powder for artificial marble industry   Calcium powder for artificial marble is 325 mesh, whiteness requirement: 95%, calcium powder content: 98.5%, pure and without impurities, calcium carbonate has been widely used in artificial marble production.   9. Calcium powder for floor tile industry   Calcium powder for floor tiles is 400 mesh, whiteness requirement: 95%, calcium powder content: 98.5%, pure and free of impurities. Calcium powder can be used in the floor tile industry to increase the whiteness and tensile strength of the product, improve the toughness of the product, and reduce production costs.

Baking powder is a compound additive mainly used in the production of flour products and puffed foods. Baking powder contains a variety of substances, the main components of which are sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid. Usually a compound of carbonate and solid acid. When carbonates come into contact with water and acids, they break down into a variety of substances. During this process, a high is released, but no flavor is produced. Therefore, the taste of the product is inconvenient.     Fermentation   There are generally three fermentation methods for making fermented dough: old yeast, fresh yeast, and baking powder. Fresh yeast and baking powder are commonly used in households. Pay careful attention to the aluminum content in baking powder. Aluminum content in food exceeding national standards can cause harm to the human body.   Yeast and baking powder both have the function of fermentation, but they are essentially different.   Yeast is a pure biological leavening agent, an active microorganism, which will not cause any harm to the human body; while chemical baking powder is a chemical leavening agent, generally referring to baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), stink powder (ammonium bicarbonate), alum ( Potassium aluminum sulfate or potassium aluminum sulfate, SAS), baking powder (baking powder) and other substances.   Classification   chemical leavening agent   baking powder   1. Baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ,): Under the action of acidic substances contained in food , baking soda can be decomposed into sodium ions , water and carbon dioxide gas, the latter of which can fluff food. However, the reaction of baking soda to release gas requires the presence of acidic substances and is completed in a very short time. The initiation of the reaction is difficult to control. If the dosage is too large, it will produce a bitter or astringent taste . For these reasons, baking soda is rarely used as a leavening agent alone, and is generally used as one of the components of a compound leavening agent.   2. Stinky powder ( ammonium bicarbonate ): Stinky powder is generally used when a large amount of gas needs to be generated quickly. Stinky powder will decompose into water, ammonia and carbon dioxide gas when heated or under acidic conditions . Due to the rapid release, very little ammonia gas remains in the finished product, and there will be no ammonia smell in the finished product. Since stink powder easily decomposes and releases ammonia gas (this is where the name of stink powder comes from) and loses its effect, it is difficult to store and is generally rarely used in households. Stinky powder is used when baking peach cakes or certain biscuits.   3. Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate or potassium aluminum sulfate, SAS): Commonly used alum is actually an acidic mixture, which releases gas when it interacts with food’s inherent or added ingredients such as baking soda, which has a fluffy effect. It is generally also an acid component used as a compound fluffing agent. The characteristic is that it can react quickly at high temperatures . A common example is for frying fried dough sticks   baking powde   1. Baking powder: It is a compound leavening agent, and there are many different types. Generally, solid alkali and acid powders are mixed . They do not contact or react under dry conditions. Once they come into contact with water, they will dissolve and contact, and the reaction will release gas. Solid alkali powder is commonly used in baking soda, and solid acid powder includes tartar ( tartar) and phosphate (phosphate, such as calcium phosphate and sodium pyrophosphate ). Their reaction speeds are very fast; in addition, alum (SAS) is used. ) as a solid acid, the reaction rate is much slower, but very fast at high temperatures. Alum is commonly found in Double-acting (DA) baking powders. Double effect means that after mixing water and flour, baking soda first reacts with a fast solid acid (such as cream of tartar) to release the first batch of gas. At this time, alum and baking soda basically do not react, but when heated, alum When heated with baking soda, a second batch of gas is released, which is called double-acting. Commonly seen on the market is double active baking powder. Some self-raising flours also have baking powder already mixed into them and need to be baked quickly after adding water. Because baking powder is easy to store and easy to control, it has become the most commonly used leavening agent and is used in most Western-style pastries.   2. Dangers of chemical leavening agents :   Since the reaction products of baking soda and stink powder ( carbon dioxide , ammonia) are also products of human metabolism, as long as they are not used excessively, they will not cause obvious health problems , but they will destroy certain nutrients in food such as vitamins. And both alum and baking powder contain aluminum. Many international reports have pointed out that aluminum is closely related to Alzheimer’s disease . It also reduces memory, suppresses immune function , and hinders nerve conduction . Moreover, aluminum is excreted very slowly from the human body. The amount of alum and baking powder in food should be strictly controlled. Use and try to eat less aluminum-containing foods.   biological leavening agent   Yeast is a unicellular facultative anaerobic eukaryotic microorganism. After being added to the dough, it can produce carbon dioxide gas through its own metabolism to achieve the purpose of fluffiness. This process is often called fermentation. In the past, old noodles were often fermented, mainly relying on wild yeast and some miscellaneous bacteria. Dough usually contains organic acids, which give it a sour taste. Baking soda needs to be added to neutralize the sour taste. Bacterial metabolites and added baking soda may introduce harmful ingredients or destroy nutrients.   The active yeast commonly used in modern times has high purity and rarely produces acidic substances. At the same time, yeast itself is composed of protein and carbohydrates, and is rich in B vitamins and other trace elements such as calcium and iron, and is rich in nutrients. value. Yeast acts as a leavening agent for pasta and requires sufficient time and temperature to produce carbon dioxide.   Obviously, yeast is a beneficial biological leavening agent that has no negative impact on the human body and can provide nutrients and vitamins that humans need but lack. is the most ideal fermentation method. It is essentially different from chemical baking powder. Simply put, yeast is not chemical baking powder!

Kaolin, theoretical chemical formula: Al 2 [(OH) 4 /Si 2 O 5 ] , It is a non-metallic mineral , a kind of clay and clay rock mainly composed of kaolinite clay minerals . Because it is white and delicate, it is also called dolomitic soil . It is named after Gaoling Village , Jingdezhen , Jiangxi Province. Its pure kaolin is white, delicate, soft and earthy, and has good physical and chemical properties such as plasticity and fire resistance. Its mineral composition is mainly composed of kaolinite , halloysite , hydromica , illite, montmorillonite , quartz, feldspar and other minerals. Kaolin is widely used, mainly used in papermaking, ceramics and refractory materials . Secondly, it is used in coatings, rubber fillers, enamel glazes and white cement raw materials. In small quantities, it is used in plastics, paints, pigments, grinding wheels, pencils, daily cosmetics, soaps, etc. Pesticides, medicines, textiles, petroleum, chemicals, building materials, national defense and other industrial sectors. Composition Kaolin minerals are composed of kaolinite cluster minerals such as kaolinite, dikaiite, perlite, and halloysite. The main mineral component is kaolinite. The crystal chemical formula of kaolinite is 2SiO 2 ·Al 2 O 3 ·2H 2 O, and its theoretical chemical composition is 46.54% SiO 2 , 39.5% Al 2 O 3 , and 13.96% H 2 O. Kaolin minerals are 1:1 type layered silicates. The crystals are mainly composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons and aluminum-hydrogen-oxygen octahedrons. The silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons are connected along two-dimensional directions by sharing vertex angles to form a hexagonal arrangement. In the grid layer, the unshared peak oxygen of each silicon-oxygen tetrahedron faces one side; a 1:1 type unit layer is composed of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron layer and the oxygen-absorbing octahedron layer sharing the peak oxygen of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron layer Physical and chemical properties Properties: Mostly matte, white and delicate when pure, but may be gray, yellow, brown and other colors when containing impurities. The appearance can be loose soil lumps or dense rock lumps depending on the origin. Density: 2.54-2.60 g/cm3. Melting point: about 1785℃. It is plastic, and wet soil can be molded into various shapes without breaking, and can remain unchanged for a long time Origin of mineral deposits Kaolin is a common and very important clay mineral in nature. It is formed by the weathering of feldspar or other silicate minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks in acidic media lacking alkali metals and alkaline earth metals . Soil classification The minerals contained in kaolin in nature are mainly divided into clay minerals and non-clay minerals. Among them, clay minerals mainly include kaolinite minerals and a small amount of montmorillonite, mica and chlorite; non-clay minerals mainly include feldspar, quartz and hydrated minerals, as well as some iron minerals such as hematite and rhosite. Iron ore , limonite , etc., titanium minerals such as rutile, etc. and organic matter such as plant fiber , etc. It is mainly clay minerals that determine the properties of kaolin . Cause classification Based on the origin of kaolin deposits and based on the differences in mineralization geology, geographical conditions, deposit scale, ore body morphology and occurrence characteristics, ore material components reflected in different mineralization processes, the “Kaolin Mine Geological Exploration Code” will China’s kaolin deposits are divided into three types and six subtypes. 1. Weathering type: It is further divided into weathering residual subtype and weathering leaching subtype; 2. Hydrothermal alteration type: It is further divided into hydrothermal alteration subtype and modern hot spring alteration subtype; 3. Sedimentary type: It is further divided into sedimentary and sedimentary-weathering subtypes and kaolinite claystone subtype in coal-bearing strata. Industrial type It is divided into three types according to its texture, plasticity and sandy quality fraction: 1. Hard kaolin: hard and non-plastic, it can become plastic after being crushed and finely ground. 2. Soft kaolin: soft, strong plasticity, sand mass fraction <50%; 3. Sandy kaolin: soft, weak plasticity , sand mass fraction >50%. Process characteristics whiteness brightness Whiteness is one of the main parameters of kaolin’s technological performance. Kaolin with high purity is white. The whiteness of kaolin clay is divided into natural whiteness and calcined whiteness. For ceramic raw materials , the whiteness after calcining is more important. The higher the calcined whiteness, the better the quality. Ceramic technology stipulates that drying at 105°C is the grading standard for natural whiteness, and calcining at 1300°C is the grading standard for calcined whiteness. Whiteness can be measured with a whiteness meter. A whiteness meter is a device that measures the reflectivity of light with a wavelength of 3800-7000Å (i.e. angstrom, 1 angstrom = 0.1 nanometer). In the whiteness meter, the reflectance of the sample to be tested is compared with that of the standard sample (such as BaSO4, MgO, etc.), which is the whiteness value (for example, a whiteness of 90 means that it is equivalent to 90% of the reflectance of the standard sample). Brightness is a process property similar to whiteness, equivalent to the whiteness under irradiation of 4570Å (angstrom) wavelength light. The color of kaolin is mainly related to the metal oxides or organic matter it contains . Generally, those containing Fe2O3 are rose red and brown; those containing Fe2+ are light blue and light green; those containing MnO2 are light brown; those containing organic matter are light yellow, gray, green, black and other colors. The presence of these impurities reduces the natural whiteness of kaolin. The iron and titanium minerals also affect the calcined whiteness, causing stains or melting scars on the porcelain. Particle size distribution Particle size distribution refers to the proportion (expressed in percentage) of the particles in natural kaolin within a given continuous range of different particle sizes (expressed in meshes with millimeter or micron mesh openings). The particle size distribution characteristics of kaolin are of great significance to the selection of ores and process applications. Its particle size has a great impact on its plasticity, mud viscosity, ion exchange capacity, molding performance, drying performance, and firing performance. Kaolin ore requires technical processing. Whether it is easy to process to the fineness required by the process has become one of the criteria for evaluating the quality of the ore. Various industrial sectors have specific particle size and fineness requirements for kaolin clay for different uses. For example, the United States requires 90-95% of kaolin used as coatings to have a content less than 2 μm, and 78-80% of papermaking fillers less than 2 μm. plasticity The mud formed by the combination of kaolin and water can deform under the action of external force. The property of retaining this deformation after the external force is removed is called plasticity. Plasticity is the basis of the kaolin molding process in ceramic bodies and is also the main process technology indicator. Plasticity index and plasticity index are usually used to express the degree of plasticity. The plasticity index refers to the liquid limit moisture content of kaolin clay material minus the plastic limit moisture content, expressed as a percentage, that is, W plasticity index = 100 (W liquid limit – W plastic limit). The plasticity index represents the molding performance of kaolin clay material. It can be obtained by directly measuring the load and deformation of the mud ball when it is crushed under pressure using a plasticity meter. It is expressed in kg·cm. The higher the plasticity index, the better the molding performance. The plasticity of kaolin can be divided into four levels. Plasticity strength plasticity index plasticity index Strong plasticity>153.6 Medium plasticity 7-152.5-3.6 Weak plasticity 1-7<2.5 Non-plasticity<1 associativity Combinability refers to the ability of kaolin clay to combine with non-plastic raw materials to form a plastic mud mass with a certain dry strength. The binding ability is measured by adding standard quartz sand to kaolin clay (its mass composition is 0.25-0.15 grain size accounts for 70%, and 0.15-0.09mm grain size accounts for 30%). Its level is judged by its highest sand content when it can still maintain a plastic mud mass and its flexural strength after drying. The more sand is added, the stronger the bonding ability of the kaolin. Generally, kaolin clay with strong plasticity also has strong binding ability. viscosity Viscosity refers to a characteristic of a fluid that hinders its relative flow due to internal friction. Its size is represented by viscosity (the internal friction acting on 1 unit area), and the unit is Pa·s. The viscosity is generally measured using a rotational viscometer, measured by the rotational speed in kaolin mud containing 70% solid content . In the production process, viscosity is of great significance. It is not only an important parameter in the ceramic industry, but also has a great impact on the paper industry. According to data, when kaolin is used as coating abroad, the viscosity is required to be about 0.5 Pa·s when coating at low speed, and less than 1.5Pa·s when coating at high speed. Thixotropy refers to the characteristic that mud that has thickened into a gel-like state and no longer flows becomes fluid after being stressed, and then gradually thickens back to its original state after being stationary. Its size is represented by the thickening coefficient and measured using an outflow viscometer and a capillary viscometer. The viscosity and thixotropy are related to the mineral composition , particle size and cation type in the mud . Generally, those with a large montmorillonite content, fine particles, and exchangeable cations mainly containing sodium will have high viscosity and thickening coefficient. Therefore, methods such as adding strong plasticity clay and increasing fineness are commonly used to increase its viscosity and thixotropy, and methods such as increasing dilute electrolyte and moisture are used to reduce it. Drying performance Drying performance refers to the performance of kaolin mud during the drying process. Including drying shrinkage, drying strength and drying sensitivity. Drying shrinkage refers to the shrinkage of kaolin clay material after it loses water and dries. Kaolin mud generally dehydrates and dries at a temperature of 40-60°C and no more than 110°C. Due to the discharge of water, the distance between particles is shortened, and the length and volume of the sample will shrink. Drying shrinkage is divided into line shrinkage and volume shrinkage, expressed as the percentage change in length and volume of kaolin clay material after it is dried to constant weight. The drying line shrinkage of kaolin is generally 3-10%. The finer the particle size, the larger the specific surface area, the better the plasticity, and the greater the drying shrinkage. The same type of kaolin has different shrinkage due to different blends of water. Those with more water will shrink more. In the ceramic process, if the drying shrinkage is too large, the green body is prone to deformation or cracking. Dry strength refers to the flexural strength of mud after it is dried to constant weight. Drying sensitivity refers to the degree of difficulty with which the green body may tend to deform and crack when drying. High sensitivity, easy to deform and crack during drying process. Generally, kaolin with high drying sensitivity (drying sensitivity coefficient K>2) is easy to form defects; kaolin with low drying sensitivity (drying sensitivity coefficient K<1) is safer during drying. Sinterability Sinterability refers to the property that when the formed solid powdered kaolin body is heated to close to its melting point (generally over 1000°C), the substance spontaneously fills the gaps between the particles and becomes densified. The state in which the porosity drops to the minimum value and the density reaches the maximum value is called the sintering state, and the corresponding temperature is called the sintering temperature . As the heating continues, the liquid phase in the sample continues to increase and the sample begins to deform. The temperature at this time is called the transformation temperature. The interval between the sintering temperature and the transformation temperature is called the sintering range. Sintering temperature and sintering range are important parameters in determining the blank formula and selecting the type of kiln in the ceramic industry . The sample should have a low sintering temperature and a wide sintering range (100-150°C). In terms of technology, the sintering temperature and sintering range can be controlled by blending fluxing raw materials and blending different types of kaolin in proportion. Firing shrinkage Firing shrinkage refers to a series of physical and chemical changes that occur in the dried kaolin blank during the firing process (dehydration, decomposition, formation of mullite , melting of fusible impurities to form a glass phase that fills the gaps between particles, etc.) , and the properties that cause product shrinkage are also divided into two types: linear shrinkage and body shrinkage. Like drying shrinkage, excessive firing shrinkage can easily lead to cracking of the green body. In addition, if a large amount of quartz is mixed in the blank during roasting , it will undergo crystal transformation fire resistance Fire resistance refers to the ability of kaolin to withstand high temperatures without melting. The temperature at which it softens and begins to melt under high-temperature operations is called refractoriness. It can be measured directly using a standard thermometer cone or high-temperature microscope, or it can be measured using M. A. Calculated using Bezbelodov’s empirical formula . Refractoriness t (℃)=[360+Al2O3-R2O]/0.228 In the formula: Al2O3 is the mass percentage of Al2O3 when the sum of the analysis results of SiO2 and Al2O3 is 100; R2O is the mass percentage of other oxides when the sum of the analysis results of SiO2 and Al2O3 is 100. The error of calculating refractory degree through this formula is within 50℃. The refractory degree is related to the chemical composition of kaolin. The refractory degree of pure kaolin is generally around 1700°C. When the content of hydromica and feldspar is high, and the content of potassium, sodium and iron is high, the refractory degree is reduced. The minimum refractory degree of kaolin is not less than 1500℃. The industrial sector stipulates that the R2O content of refractory materials is less than 1.5-2%, and the Fe2O3 content is less than 3% . Suspension Suspension and dispersion refer to the performance of kaolin dispersed in water and difficult to precipitate. Also known as anti-flocculation. Generally, the finer the particle size, the better the suspension. Kaolin used in the enamel industry requires good suspension properties. Generally, the suspension performance of a sample dispersed in water is determined based on its sedimentation rate over a certain period of time. Optional Optionality refers to the performance of kaolin ore that has been hand-selected, mechanically processed and chemically treated to remove harmful impurities so that the quality meets industrial requirements. The selectivity of kaolin depends on the mineral composition, occurrence state, particle size, etc. of harmful impurities. Quartz, feldspar, mica, iron, titanium minerals, etc. are all harmful impurities. Kaolin mineral processing mainly includes sand removal, iron removal, sulfur removal and other projects . adsorption Kaolin has the ability to adsorb various ions and impurities from the surrounding medium, and has weak ion exchange properties in solution . The quality of these properties mainly depends on the main mineral composition of kaolin , see Table 8. Table 8 Cation exchange capacity of different types of kaolin Mineral composition characteristics Cation exchange capacity Mainly kaolinite 2-5mg/100g Mainly halloysite 13mg/100g Contains organic matter (ball soil) 10-120mg/100g chemically stable Kaolin has strong acid resistance, but its alkali resistance is poor. This property can be used to synthesize molecular sieves . electrical insulation High-quality kaolin has good electrical insulation, and this property can be used to make high-frequency porcelain and radio porcelain. The level of electrical insulation performance can be measured by its ability to resist electrical breakdown. application Industrial applications Kaolin has become a necessary mineral raw material for dozens of industries including papermaking, ceramics, rubber, chemicals, coatings, medicine and national defense . The ceramic industry is the earliest industry that uses kaolin and uses a large amount of kaolin. The general dosage is 20% to 30% of the formula. The role of kaolin in ceramics is to introduce Al2O3, which is beneficial to the formation of mullite and improves its chemical stability and sintering strength. During firing, kaolin decomposes to form mullite, which forms the main framework for the strength of the green body and prevents deterioration of the product. Deformation makes the firing temperature wider and the green body has a certain whiteness. At the same time, kaolin has certain plasticity, adhesion, suspension and bonding capabilities, which gives the porcelain mud and enamel good formability, making the ceramic mud blank conducive to turning and grouting, and facilitating forming. If used in wires, it can increase insulation and reduce dielectric loss. Ceramics not only have strict requirements on kaolin’s plasticity, bonding, drying shrinkage, drying strength, sintering shrinkage, sintering properties, refractoriness and post-fired whiteness, but also involve chemical properties, especially iron, titanium, copper, chromium, The presence of color-causing elements such as manganese reduces the whiteness after burning and causes spots. The particle size requirements for kaolin are generally finer, the better, so that the porcelain clay has good plasticity and dry strength. However, for casting processes that require fast casting, accelerated grouting speed and dehydration speed, the particle size of the ingredients needs to be increased. In addition, the difference in crystallization degree of kaolinite in kaolin will also significantly affect the process performance of the porcelain blank. If the degree of crystallization is good, the plasticity and bonding ability will be low, the drying shrinkage will be small, the sintering temperature will be high, and the impurity content will also be reduced; conversely, the It has high plasticity, large drying shrinkage, low sintering temperature, and corresponding high impurity content . edible In the old society and the Three Years of Difficulty Period, poor people often relied on eating Guanyin soil to survive during lean years or famine years. This soil can satisfy hunger, but it cannot be digested and absorbed by the human body. After eating, it will cause abdominal distension and difficulty in defecation. Eating a small amount is not fatal; Although you won’t go hungry, you will still die due to lack of nutrition. During the famine years, countless people died of suffocation due to their abdominal distension and inability to defecate after eating Guanyin soil. During Double Eleven in 2015, some merchants at Molecular Gourmet sold “kaolin clay”. After verification, it was found that there was only the name “kaolin” and there was no such term as “kaolin clay”. Kaolin (Guanyin soil) is the name of soil rich in the mineral kaolinite. The main components of kaolinite are alumina and silica . It is widely distributed in the kaolin area of ​​Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, and kaolin gets its name.

Cellulose is a macropolysaccharide composed of glucose . Insoluble in water and general organic solvents. It is the main component of plant cell walls . Cellulose is the most widely distributed and abundant polysaccharide in nature, accounting for more than 50% of the carbon content in the plant kingdom. The cellulose content of cotton is close to 100%, making it the purest natural source of cellulose. In general, cellulose accounts for 40-50% of wood, with 10-30% hemicellulose and 20-30% lignin .   Cellulose is the main structural component of plant cell walls and is usually combined with hemicellulose, pectin and lignin. The way and extent of its combination has a great impact on the texture of plant-derived foods. The changes in texture of plants during maturity and post-ripening are caused by changes in pectin substances. Cellulase does not exist in the human digestive tract, and cellulose is an important dietary fiber. It is the most widely distributed and abundant polysaccharide in nature.   nature   solubility   At room temperature, cellulose is neither soluble in water nor general organic solvents, such as alcohol , ether , acetone , benzene , etc. It is also insoluble in dilute alkali solutions and can be dissolved in cuprammonium Cu(NH 3 ) 4 (OH ) 2 solution and copper ethylenediamine [NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ]Cu(OH) 2 solution, etc. Therefore, it is relatively stable at room temperature because of the hydrogen bonds between cellulose molecules .   Cellulose hydrolysis   Under certain conditions, cellulose reacts with water. During the reaction, the oxygen bridge is broken, and water molecules are added at the same time, and the cellulose changes from long chain molecules to short chain molecules until all the oxygen bridges are broken and becomes glucose.   Cellulose oxidation   Cellulose reacts chemically with oxidants to produce a series of substances with different structures from the original cellulose. This reaction process is called cellulose oxidation. The base ring of the cellulose macromolecule is a macromolecular polysaccharide composed of D-glucose with β-1,4 glycosidic bonds . Its chemical composition contains 44.44% carbon, 6.17% hydrogen, and 49.39% oxygen. Due to different sources, the number of glucose residues in cellulose molecules, that is, the degree of polymerization (DP), is in a wide range. It is the main component of the cell walls of vascular plants , lichen plants , and some algae. Cellulose is also found in the capsules of Acetobaeter and the tunicates of urochordates. Cotton is a highly pure (98%) cellulose. The name α-cellulose refers to the part of the original cell wall of the complete cellulose standard sample that cannot be extracted with 17.5% NaOH. β-cellulose (β-cellulose) and γ-cellulose (γ-cellulose) are cellulose corresponding to hemicellulose .   Although α-cellulose is usually mostly crystalline cellulose, β-cellulose and γ-cellulose chemically contain various polysaccharides in addition to cellulose. The cellulose of the cell wall forms microfibrils. The width is 10-30 nanometers, and the length can reach several micrometers. Apply X-ray diffraction and negative staining methods(Negative staining method), according to electron microscope observation, the crystalline parts of chain-like molecules arranged in parallel form basic microfibers with a width of 3-4 nanometers. It is speculated that these basic microfibers are aggregated to form microfibers. Cellulose can be dissolved in Schwitzer’s reagent or concentrated sulfuric acid. Although it is not easily hydrolyzed by acid, dilute acid or cellulase can produce D-glucose, cellobiose and oligosaccharides from cellulose . Acetic acid bacteria have an enzyme that transfers glycosides from UDP glucose primer to synthesize cellulose.   Standard samples of granular enzymes with the same activity have been obtained in higher plants. This enzyme usually utilizes GDP glucose, and in the case of transfer from UDP glucose, mixing of β-1,3 bonds occurs. Where microfibrils form and the mechanisms that control cellulose alignment are less clear. On the other hand, regarding the decomposition of cellulose, it is estimated that when the primary cell wall stretches and grows, part of the microfibers is decomposed by the action of cellulase and becomes soluble.   Water can cause limited swelling of cellulose, and certain aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, and salts can penetrate into the crystalline area of ​​the fiber, causing unlimited swelling and dissolving the cellulose. Cellulose does not undergo significant changes when heated to about 150°C. Above this temperature it will gradually coke due to dehydration. Cellulose reacts with concentrated inorganic acids to hydrolyze to produce glucose, reacts with concentrated caustic alkali solutions to produce alkali cellulose, and reacts with strong oxidants to produce oxidized cellulose.   Flexibility   Cellulose has poor flexibility and is rigid because:   (1) Cellulose molecules are polar and the interactions between molecular chains are strong;   (2) The six-membered pyran ring structure in cellulose makes internal rotation difficult;   (3) Hydrogen bonds can be formed both within and between cellulose molecules. In particular, intramolecular hydrogen bonds prevent the glycosidic bonds from rotating, thereby greatly increasing their rigidity.   Preparation method   Production method 1: Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer compound in the world. The production raw materials come from wood, cotton, cotton linters, wheat straw, rice straw, reed, hemp, mulberry bark, mulberry bark and sugarcane bagasse. Due to insufficient forest resources in our country, 70% of cellulose raw materials come from non-timber resources. The average cellulose content of my country’s softwood and broadleaf wood is about 43-45%; the average cellulose content of grass stems is about 40%. The industrial production method of cellulose is to cook plant raw materials with sulfite solution or alkali solution, mainly to remove lignin, which are called sulfite method and alkali method respectively. The resulting materials are called sulfite pulp and alkali pulp. The residual lignin is then further removed through bleaching, and the resulting bleached pulp can be used for papermaking. After further removing hemicellulose, it can be used as a raw material for cellulose derivatives.   Production method two: Pound fibrous plant raw materials and inorganic acid into a slurry to make α-cellulose, and then process it to partially depolymerize the cellulose, and then remove the non-crystalline part and purify it.   Production method three: decompose the selected industrial wood pulp board, and then send it to a reaction kettle with 1% to 10% hydrochloric acid (the dosage is 5% to 10%) for hydrolysis at a temperature of 90 to 100°C. The reaction time is 0.5 to 2 hours. After the reaction is completed, it is cooled and sent to a neutralization tank. It is adjusted to neutrality with liquid caustic soda. After filtration, the filter cake is dried at 80 to 100°C and finally crushed to obtain the product.   Production method four: cellulose made from wood pulp or cotton pulp. It is refined after bleaching treatment and mechanical dispersion.   effect   Cellulose is the oldest and most abundant natural polymer on earth. It is inexhaustible and the most precious natural renewable resource for mankind. Cellulose chemistry and industry began more than 160 years ago and was the main research object during the birth and development period of polymer chemistry. The research results of cellulose and its derivatives contributed to the creation, development and enrichment of the disciplines of polymer physics and chemistry. Made significant contributions.   Physiological effects   There is no β-glycosidase in the human body and cellulose cannot be decomposed and utilized. However, cellulose can absorb a large amount of water, increase the amount of feces, promote intestinal peristalsis, accelerate the excretion of feces, and shorten the residence time of carcinogens in the intestines. Reduces adverse irritation to the intestines, thereby preventing intestinal cancer.   Dietary fiber   The fiber in human diet is mainly contained in vegetables and roughly processed cereals. Although it cannot be digested and absorbed, it can promote intestinal peristalsis and facilitate fecal discharge. Herbivores rely on symbiotic microorganisms in their digestive tracts to break down cellulose so it can be absorbed and utilized. Food fiber includes crude fiber, semi-crude fiber and lignin. Food fiber is a substance that cannot be digested and absorbed. In the past, it was considered as “waste”. In 2013, it was considered that it plays an important role in protecting human health and prolonging life. Therefore, it is called the seventh nutrient.   Dietary fiber generally uses various types of high-purity dietary fiber extracted from natural foods (konjac, oats, buckwheat, apples, cactus, carrots, etc.). The main functions of dietary fiber are:   (1) Treatment of diabetes Dietary fiber can improve the sensitivity of insulin receptors and improve the utilization rate of insulin ; dietary fiber can wrap the sugar in food so that it is gradually absorbed, balancing postprandial blood sugar, thus regulating the blood sugar level of diabetic patients and treating diabetes. role.   (2) Prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease Elevated serum cholesterol levels can lead to coronary heart disease. The excretion of cholesterol and bile acid is closely related to dietary fiber. Dietary fiber can combine with cholic acid, causing cholic acid to be quickly excreted from the body. At the same time, the combination of dietary fiber and cholic acid will promote the conversion of cholesterol into cholic acid, thereby reducing cholesterol levels.   (3) Antihypertensive effect Dietary fiber can absorb ions and exchange with sodium ions and potassium ions in the intestines, thereby reducing the sodium-potassium ratio in the blood and thus lowering blood pressure.   (4) Anti-cancer effect Since the 1970s, there have been an increasing number of research reports on the role of dietary fiber in anti-cancer, especially the relationship between dietary fiber and digestive tract cancer. Early surveys in India showed that people living in northern India consumed much more dietary fiber than those in the south, and the incidence of colon cancer was also much lower than in the south. Based on this survey result, scientists conducted more in-depth research and found that dietary fiber prevents and treats colon cancer for the following reasons: some saprophytic bacteria in the colon can produce carcinogens, and some beneficial microorganisms in the intestine can use dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids . This type of short-chain fatty acid can inhibit the growth of saprophytic bacteria; cholic acid and ichonecholic acid in bile can be metabolized by bacteria into carcinogens and mutagens of cells. Dietary fiber can bind cholic acid and other substances and excrete them out of the body, preventing The production of these carcinogens; dietary fiber can promote intestinal peristalsis, increase stool volume, shorten emptying time, thereby reducing the chance of contact between carcinogens in food and the colon; beneficial bacteria in the intestines can use dietary fiber to produce butyric acid, butyric acid It can inhibit the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, induce the transformation of tumor cells into normal cells, and control the expression of oncogenes.   (5) Weight loss and treatment of obesity Dietary fiber replaces part of the nutrients in food, reducing the total food intake. Dietary fiber promotes the secretion of saliva and digestive juices, filling the stomach. At the same time, it absorbs water and expands, which can produce a feeling of satiety and inhibit the desire to eat. Dietary fiber combines with some fatty acids. This combination prevents the fatty acids from being absorbed when they pass through the digestive tract, thus reducing the absorption rate of fat.   (6) Treat constipation Dietary fiber has strong water-holding properties, and its water absorption rate is as high as 10 times. After it absorbs water, it increases the volume of intestinal contents, making stool loose and soft, making it smoother and less laborious when passing through the intestines. At the same time, dietary fiber, as a foreign body in the intestine, can stimulate the contraction and peristalsis of the intestine, speed up stool excretion, and cure constipation.   Research results   An international team, including researchers from the University of Göttingen in Germany, were surprised to find that despite the simulated Martian atmosphere disrupting the microbial ecology of the kombucha cultures, they were studying the possibility of kombucha surviving in a Martian-like environment. A cellulose-producing bacterium of the genus Colomata survived. The findings were recently published in the journal Frontiers in Microbiology. The findings suggest that cellulose produced by bacteria may be responsible for their survival in alien conditions. It also provides the first evidence that bacterial cellulose may be a biomarker of alien life, and that cellulose-based membranes may be good materials for protecting life in alien colonies.   In 2014, researchers with the Biology and Mars Experiment (BIOMEX) project, supported by the European Space Agency (ESA), sent kombucha cultures to the International Space Station (ISS) to better understand cellulose as a biomarker the robustness of animals, the genome structure of kombucha, and its alien survival behavior. The samples were reactivated on Earth and cultured a year and a half later for another two and a half years outside the ISS under simulated Martian conditions.   ingest   Vegetables are rich in fiber. Foods that do not contain fiber include: chicken, duck, fish, meat, eggs, etc.; foods that contain a lot of fiber include: whole grains, bran, vegetables, beans, etc., among which cotton has the highest content, reaching 98%. Therefore, it is recommended that diabetic patients eat more fiber-rich foods such as beans and fresh vegetables. At present, domestic plant fiber foods are mostly made from rice bran, bran, wheat grains, beet shavings, pumpkins, corn husks and seaweed plants, etc., which have a certain effect on lowering blood sugar and blood lipids.   Content and determination   Although fiber cannot be absorbed by the human body, it has a good effect on cleaning the intestines and is a healthy food suitable for patients with IBS (irritable bowel syndrome). The fiber content of common foods is as follows:   Wheat bran: 31% Grains: 4-10%, arranged from most to least: wheat grains, barley, corn, buckwheat noodles, barley noodles, sorghum rice, and black rice. Cereal: 8-9%; Oatmeal: 5-6% The cellulose content of potatoes, sweet potatoes and other tubers is about 3%. Beans: 6-15%, from most to least, they are soybeans, green beans, broad beans, kidney beans, peas, black beans, red beans, and mung beans.   Whether cereals, potatoes or beans, generally speaking, the more finely processed they are, the less fiber they contain.   Vegetables: Bamboo shoots have the highest content. The fiber content of dried bamboo shoots reaches 30-40%, and the fiber content of peppers exceeds 40%. Others containing more fiber include: bracken, cauliflower, spinach, pumpkin, cabbage, and rapeseed.   Fungi (dry): The cellulose content is the highest. Among them, the cellulose content of pine mushrooms is close to 50%. The cellulose content of more than 30% is arranged from most to least: shiitake mushrooms, tremella, and fungus. In addition, the fiber content of seaweed is also high, reaching 20%.   Nuts: 3-14%. More than 10% include: black sesame seeds, pine nuts, and almonds; less than 10% include white sesame seeds, walnuts, hazelnuts, walnuts, sunflower seeds, watermelon seeds, and peanut kernels.   Fruits: Dried red fruits contain the most fiber, with a fiber content of nearly 50%, followed by dried mulberries, cherries, wild jujubes, black dates, jujubes, small jujubes, pomegranates, apples, and pears.   All kinds of meat, eggs, dairy products, various oils, seafood, alcoholic beverages, and soft drinks do not contain cellulose; the fiber content of various infant foods is extremely low.   Cellulose is not fiber, they are two different concepts. Cellulose is measured using a cellulose analyzer. Crude fiber is generally measured, and dietary fiber is also measured in foods   Medicinal introduction   Natural dietary fiber tablets   (1) Edible purpose : Moisturizes the intestines and relieves constipation, provides a feeling of satiety and breaks down fat.   (2) Product features : Scientific formula derived from natural ingredients helps normal physiological activities and helps you feel full. Fiber can remove disease-causing toxins from the body through the digestive system. Shorten the time food stays in the intestines and make bowel movements smooth.Made of a unique combination of fibers that break down ingested fat.   (3) Main ingredients : Calcium hydrogen phosphate, cellulose, apple fiber, acacia flower, lecithin, calcium carbonate, citrus fiber, silicon dioxide, oat fiber, magnesium stearate, dextrin, maltodextrin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, citric acid sodium.   (4) Recommended usage : Take one to two tablets each time for laxative, three times a day, 20 minutes before meals or with boiled water after meals.   Fiber and health   Not all carbohydrates can be digested and converted into glucose. Carbohydrates that are difficult to digest are called fiber. It is an integral part of a healthy diet and is found in higher amounts in fruits, vegetables, lentils, beans and whole grains. Eating foods high in fiber can reduce the likelihood of bowel cancer, diabetes and diverticular disease. It is also less prone to constipation.   People often think of fiber as “forage,” but that’s not the case. Fiber absorbs water. Therefore, it makes food particles expand and loosen, making them easier to pass through the digestive tract. Since the time that food residues stay in the body is shortened, the risk of infection is reduced; moreover, when some foods, especially meat, spoil, they will produce carcinogens and cause cell mutations. The shortening of the time that food residues stay in the body can also reduce the risk of infection. Reduce the likelihood of this happening. Regular meat eaters’ diets are low in fiber, which increases the time food remains in the intestines to 24-72 hours, during which time some food may spoil. So if you like to eat meat, then you have to make sure that you also include plenty of fiber in your diet.   There are many types of fiber, some of which are proteins rather than carbohydrates. Some types of fiber, like the kind found in oats, are called “soluble fiber” and bind to sugar molecules to slow the absorption of carbohydrates. This way they help keep blood sugar levels stable. Some fibers are much more absorbent than others. Wheat fiber can swell to 10 times its original volume in water, while glucomannan fiber in Japanese konjac can swell to 100 times its original volume in water. Because fiber bulks food and slows the release of energy from sugars, highly absorbent fiber can help control appetite and help maintain proper weight.   The ideal fiber intake is no less than 35 grams per day. With proper food selection, this standard can easily be achieved without the need for additional supplementation. It’s still best to get your fiber from a number of different food sources, including oats, lentils, broad beans, seeds, fruits, and raw or lightly cooked vegetables. Most of the fiber in vegetables is destroyed during cooking, so vegetables are best eaten raw.